Tortoiseshell
Tortoiseshell or tortoise shell is a material produced from the shells of the larger species of tortoise and turtle, mainly the hawksbill sea turtle, which is an endangered species largely because of its exploitation for the material. The large size, fine colour and unusual form of the hawksbill's scutes make it especially suitable. The distinctive patterning is referred to in names such as the tortoiseshell cat, several breeds of guinea pig, and the common names of several species of the butterfly geni Nymphalis and Aglais, and some other uses.
Uses
Tortoiseshell was widely used from ancient times in the West and in Asia, until the trade was finally banned in the 1970s. It was used, normally in thin slices or pieces, in the manufacture of a wide variety of items such as combs, small boxes and frames and inlays in furniture and other items, frames for spectacles, guitar picks and knitting needles. Despite being expensive, tortoiseshell was attractive to manufacturers and consumers because of its beautiful mottled appearance, its durability, and its organic warmth against the skin.[1]
The initial processing involved separating the layers of the scutes from the live animal's carapace by heating, softening the plates by boiling them in salt water and flattening them under a press. Two pieces could be fused by use of a hot iron, but like the earlier stages, great care had to be taken not to lose the colour. Finishing and polishing was done by various techniques mainly in Europe or in the US.[2][3] Craftsmen in various Asian countries have also perfected this art.
Availability
In 1973, the trade of tortoiseshell worldwide was banned under CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).[4] The material was already often imitated in stained horn,[5] plastic and other materials, and this continues. The synthetic Delrin has been used especially for guitar picks.[6]
History
Tortoiseshell has been used since ancient times, and the ancient Greek chelys or lyre often used a whole shell to form its body. Inlaid veneers of tortoisehell were popular with wealthy ancient Romans for furniture, especially couches for dining, and for small items.[7] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, probably a work of the 1st century AD, distinguishes between shell from different species, with that regarded as the best probably the hawksbill.[8]
André Charles Boulle (1642-1732), cabinetmaker to Louis XIV of France introduced or perfected marquetry combining thin inlays of tortoiseshell backed with metal, with woods and metal, a style still called after him. Small luxury objects such as snuff-boxes were decorated in piqué work, inlays of precious metals and jewels into tortoiseshell (or other materials).[9]
Hopes of capturing a large store of tortoiseshell led to the Ngatik massacre by Australian "beachcombers" of up to 50 men of Sapwuahfik in Micronesia in July 1837.
Notes
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- ↑ Tortoiseshell ban threatens Japanese tradition, CNN website
- ↑ Transactions, 344-346
- ↑ Lupano, Guglielmo; Peola, Paolo (1915). Corso di Scienze Naturali a uso delle Scuole Complementari [A Course of Natural Sciences for the Complementary Institutes] (in Italian). G.B. Paravia. p. 71.
- ↑ Multi-lateral agreements for conservation of hawksbill turtles, CITES website
- ↑ Transactions, 341, 345
- ↑ "Tortoiseshell picks. Feature article. Reworked". Guitarbench. 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- ↑ Transactions, 344
- ↑ Casson, 205
- ↑ "pique work (metalwork) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
References
- Casson, Lionel, "Periplus Maris Erythraei: Notes on the Text", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 102, (1982), pp. 204–206, JSTOR
- "Transactions", "On Horn and Tortoisehell", Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, Vol. 52, PART II (1838-1839), pp. 334–349, Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, JSTOR