Units of energy

Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units

1\ {\mathrm {J}}=1\ {\mathrm {kg}}\left({\frac {{\mathrm {m}}}{{\mathrm {s}}}}\right)^{2}=1\ {\frac {{\mathrm {kg}}\cdot {\mathrm {m}}^{2}}{{\mathrm {s}}^{2}}}

An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10⁻¹⁹ J. In spectroscopy the unit cm⁻¹ = 0.000123986 eV is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation $E=h\nu =hc/\lambda$ .

In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used.

When discussing amounts of energy released in explosions or bolide impact events, the TNT equivalent unit is often used.

US units

The imperial/U.S. units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (Btu) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ).

Electricity

The energy unit used for everyday electricity, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one kWh is equivalent to 3.6×10⁶ J (3600 kJ or 3.6 MJ). Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr). This is actually a measurement of average power consumption, i.e., the average rate at which energy is transferred.

Natural gas

Natural gas in the US is sold in Therms or 100 cubic feet (100 ft³ = 1 Ccf). One Therm is equal to about 105.5 megajoules. In the rest of the world, natural gas is sold in gigajoules.

Food industry

The calorie equals the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 degrees Celsius, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J. Food energy is measured in large calories or kilocalories, often simply written capitalized as "Calories" (= 10³ calories).

Atom physics and chemistry

In physics and chemistry, it is still common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). The Hartree (the atomic unit of energy) is commonly used in calculations. Historically Rydberg units have been used.

Spectroscopy

In spectroscopy and related fields it is common to measure energy levels in units of reciprocal centimetres. These units (cm⁻¹) are strictly speaking not energy units but units proportional to energies, with $\ hc\sim 2\cdot 10^{{-23}}\ J\ cm$ being the proportionality constant.^[1]

Explosions

A gram of TNT releases 980–1100 calories upon explosion. To define the tonne of TNT, this was arbitrarily standardized by letting 1000 thermochemical calories = 1 gram TNT = 4184 J (exactly).^[2]

References

↑ "CCCBDB What's a cm-1?". Cccbdb.nist.gov. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
↑ NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically

Energy

Fundamental concepts	Energetics Energy Units Energy system Energy transformation Laws of thermodynamics Mass Power

Primary energy	Chemical energy Fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Gravitational energy Kinetic energy Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Magnetic energy Radiant energy Solar Thermal energy Wind Bioenergy Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal

Energy carriers	Fuel oil Enthalpy Heat Work Electricity Elastic energy

Energy systems	Oil refinery Fossil-fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High-altitude wind power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass Geothermal power

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