Władysław Syrokomla

Ludwik Kondratowicz
Władysław Syrokomla

Władysław Syrokomla by Adam Szemesz
Born Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz
(1823-09-29)September 29, 1823
Smolków
Died September 15, 1862(1862-09-15) (aged 38)
Vilnius (Wilno)
Resting place Rasos Cemetery, Vilnius
Pen name Władysław Syrokomla
Language Polish
Nationality Polish
Ethnicity Lithuanian
Genre Romanticism
Signature
Memorial of Władysław Syrokomla, in the Church of St. Johns, Vilnius, Lithuania

Władysław Syrokomla was the pseudonym of Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz (1823–1862), was a Polish romantic poet, writer and translator working in the Russian Empire and Congress Poland.

Biography

Syrokomla was born September 29, 1823 in the village of Smolków, Belarus, at that time part of the Russian Empire (now Smolhava, Minsk Voblast, Belarus), to an impoverished noble family.[1][2][3][4] His parents were Aleksander Kajetan Kondratowicz (d. 1858) and Wiktoria (née Złotkowska).[5] His uncle was Hilary Kondratowicz (1790–1823), a Polish teacher of maths in gymnasium in Vilnius, who published some articles in Wiadomości Brukowe.[5][6] A year after his birth his parents moved to another village (Jaśkowicze).[4] In 1833 he entered the Dominican school in Nesvizh (Nieśwież).[4] He had to give up his studies due to financial problems. In 1837 he began work in a Marchaczewszczyzna folwark.[4] Between 1841 and 1844, he worked as a clerk in the Radziwiłł family land manager's office.[3][4] On April 16, 1844 in Niaśviž he married Paulina Mitraszewska, with whom he had four children; three of them would die in the same year (1852).[4]

In 1844 he published the first of his poems – Pocztylion – under the pen-name Władysław Syrokomla, coined after his family's coat of arms.[3][4] The same year he also rented the small village of Załucze.[3] In 1853, after the death of three of his children, he sold it or gave his manor to his parents, and settled in Vilnius itself.[2][3][4] After a few months he rented the village of Bareikiškės, near Vilnius.[4] He became one of the editors (1861–1862) of the Kurier Wileński, the largest and most prestigious Polish-language daily newspaper published in the Vilnius area.[3] In 1858 he visited Kraków, and some time later he visited Warsaw.[2] For taking part in an anti-tsarist demonstration in 1861 in Warsaw he was arrested by the Okhrana and then sentenced to home arrest in his manor in Bareikiškės.[3][4] He died on September 15, 1862 and was buried in the Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius.[2][4]

Throughout his life, Syrokomla would remain impoverished; Czesław Miłosz wrote that he was "forever struggling against his lack of education and his poverty".[4][7] Despite that, Syrokomla had many influential and even wealthy friends; his manor was visited by count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz, Stanisław Moniuszko, Ignacy Chodźko, Mikołaj Malinowski, Antoni Pietkiewicz and others.[4]

Works

Syrkomla was influenced by Adam Mickiewicz.[8] In his prose he supported the liberation of peasants and secession of the lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Imperial Russia, which had annexed portions of the Commonwealth, including its Lithuanian areas (today parts of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania), during its late 18th-century partitions.

Among the most notable of Syrokomla's works are translations of various Russian, French, Ukrainian, German and Latin poets, including works by Goethe, Heine, Lermontov, Shevchenko, Nekrasov, Béranger and others. His translations are considered a "great service" for Polish language.[9] Syrokomla also produced a number of works about the rustic nature, people and customs of Lithuania and Belarus.[1][8]

The vast majority of his works were written in the Polish language, however, he also wrote several poems in Belarusian.[7] Syrokomla is considered by some as one of the early influential writers in modern Belarusian language, although many of his Belarusian poems are believed to be lost.[10]

During his lifetime, his works were translated into several languages, including Lithuanian.[11] The composer Tchaikovsky adapted one of his works expressing a sympathetic view of the then-unliberated peasants – The Coral Beads – into a song.[12] He also wrote of the Karaite community in Lithuania and its mosques and of a Jewish bookseller in Vilnius.[13][14]

Some of his works are classified as gawęda (a story-like Polish epic literary genre).[7]

Legacy

While majority of sources refer to him as a "Polish poet", his legacy is best understood in the context of the multicultural Polish-Lithuanian identity.[15] His birthplace was located within the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania,[7] and he referred to himself as a Lithuanian when expressing own regional identity.[16] Syrokomla also identified himself with the land of modern Belarus and its people.[17] During Syrokomla's burial ceremony, the Lithuanian poet Edvardas Jokūbas Daukša (Jakub Dakusza) emphasized that while Syrokomla was influenced by Polish culture, he was a Lithuanian poet, closest to Lithuania after Adam Mickiewicz.[4][11] Teofil Lenartowicz wrote a memorial poem on his death referring to him as a "lirnik Litewski" (Lithuanian lyricist).[18] His works were often translated into Lithuanian and Belarusian languages.[19]

In modern Belarus, he is being praised for depicting the life of 19th century Belarus and for his ethnographic research of Belarusians.[20] In his publications, Syrokomla supported the Belarusian language and the Belarusian theatre plays by the playwright Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič.[10][21]

In Belarus, there are streets named after W. Syrokomla (vulica Uladzislava Syrakomli) in Minsk, Hrodna and in smaller towns Navahrudak, Niasvizh, Pinsk, Vaukavysk, Maladzechna and Pruzhany. In Smolhava a school is named after Syrokomla.[19]

In Warsaw's residential district Bródno (city district Warszawa-Targówek) there are two streets dedicated to the poet: Ludwik Kondratowicz St and Władysław Syrokomla St.

In Vilnius, a Polish-language school of the Polish minority in Lithuania is named after him.[19][22]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Michael J. Mikoś (June 2002). Polish romantic literature: an anthology. Slavica. ISBN 978-0-89357-281-5. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Paul Soboleski (1881). Poets and poetry of Poland: a collection of Polish verse, including a short account of the history of Polish poetry, with sixty biographical sketches of Poland's poets and specimens of their composition. Knight & Leonard, printers. pp. 389–. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Polish) Syrokomla Władysław, Encyklopedia WIEM
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (Polish) Irena Rusakiewicz, WILNIANIE ZASŁUŻENI DLA LITWY, POLSKI, EUROPY I ŚWIATA: Syrokomla Władysław (Ludwik Kondratowicz) (1823–1862). Litwa w twórczości Władysława Syrokomli
  5. 1 2 Kiśliak, Elżbieta. "Władysław Syrokomla". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. 46. Polska Akademia Nauk & Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 300.
  6. ↑ Więsław Witold (2002). "Matematyka wileńska za czasów Adama Mickiewicza" (PDF). Roczniki Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego. Seria II Wiadomości Matematyczne. 38: 165.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Czesław Miłosz (1983). The history of Polish literature. University of California Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  8. 1 2 William Fiddian Reddaway (1971). The Cambridge history of Poland. CUP Archive. pp. 332–. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  9. ↑ Paul Soboleski (1881). Poets and poetry of Poland: a collection of Polish verse, including a short account of the history of Polish poetry, with sixty biographical sketches of Poland's poets and specimens of their composition. Knight & Leonard, printers. pp. 388–. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  10. 1 2 (Belarusian) "Да 190-годдзя Уладзіслава Сыракомлі" [To the 190th anniversary of Uladzislau Syrakomla]. BelTA. BelTA. 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  11. 1 2 (Lithuanian) Birutė LISAUSKAITĖ,"Vladislovas Sirokomlė (1823 – 1862 m.)". Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2009. . 2007
  12. ↑ Richard D. Sylvester (January 2004). Tchaikovsky's complete songs: a companion with texts and translations. Indiana University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-253-21676-2. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  13. ↑ Christoph Marcinkowski (2009). The Islamic world and the West: managing religious and cultural identities in the age of globalisation. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 100. ISBN 978-3-643-80001-5. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  14. ↑ Aleksander Hertz (1988). The Jews in Polish culture. Northwestern University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8101-0758-8. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  15. ↑ Tomas Venclova (March 1999). Winter Dialogue. Northwestern University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-8101-1726-6. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  16. ↑ Peter J. Potichnyj; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies; McMaster University. Interdepartmental Committee on Communist and East European Affairs (1980). Poland and Ukraine, past and present. CIUS Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-920862-07-0. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  17. ↑ (Belarusian) Kauka, Alaksiej (2012-11-15). "Уладзіслаў Сыракомля: на сумежжы ліцвінства-беларускасці" [Uladzislau Syrakomla: on the border zone of Litvin and Belarusian]. Arche. Dziejaslou. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  18. ↑ Narcyza Żmichowska (1894). Kwiaty rodzinne. Nakład G. Gebethnera i spółki. p. 249. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 Kiśliak, Elżbieta. "Władysław Syrokomla". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. 46. Polska Akademia Nauk & Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 307.
  20. ↑ (Belarusian) "Уладзіслаў Сыракомля" [Uladzislau Syrakomla, film by Belsat]. Mova Nanova. Belsat. Retrieved 16 September 2016. Адзін з першых сістэмных даследнікаў беларушчыны, Людвік Кандратовіч (Сыракомля) такімі ж беларускімі вачыма ўгледзеўся ў культуру свайго народу, як у шматвекавую духатворную традыцыю.
  21. ↑ (Belarusian) Marchiel, Uladzimir. ""Не забудуцца дум тваіх словы..." Уладзіслаў Сыракомля" [The words of your thoughts will not be forgotten... Uladzislau Syrakomla]. Official website of the Liuban rayon, Minsk voblasts. Retrieved 2016-09-16. Пра тое, што Сыракомля свядома ўскладаў на літаратуру і такую функцыю, сведчаць яго рэцэнзіі, у першую чаргу на беларускія творы Вінцэнта Дуніна-Марцінкевіча. Выступленне Сыракомлі ў польскай перыёдыцы з водгукамі на беларускамоўныя творы Дуніна-Марцінкевіча было ў поўнай згодзе з яго ідэалагічнай арыентацыяй, з рухам усёй яго творчасці насустрач дэмакратычнаму чытачу, насустрач селяніну і шарачковаму шляхціцу — галоўным адрасатам яго гутарак
  22. ↑ (Polish) O szkole > Historia, Szkoła średnia im. Władysława Syrokomli w Wilnie / Vilniaus Vladislavo Sirokomlės vidurinė mokykla
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