Women's lacrosse

Women's lacrosse

First played	1890, at St Leonards School in Scotland
Characteristics
Contact	Limited contact
Team members	12 at a time, 1 goalie and 11 players
Equipment	Lacrosse ball, lacrosse stick, goggles, mouthguard

Women's lacrosse (or girls' lacrosse), sometimes shortened to wlax or lax, is a sport played with twelve players on each team. Originally played by indigenous peoples of the Americas, the modern women's game was introduced in 1890 at the St Leonard's School in St Andrews, Scotland. The rules of women's lacrosse differ significantly from men's field lacrosse.

The object of the game is to use a long-handled stick (known as a crosse or lacrosse stick) to catch, cradle, and pass a solid yellow rubber lacrosse ball in an effort to score by hurling the ball into an opponent's goal. The head of the lacrosse stick has a mesh or leather net strung into it that allows the player to hold the ball. Defensively the object is to keep the opposing team from scoring and to dispossess them of the ball through the use of stick checking and body positioning. The rules of women's lacrosse are different from the men's lacrosse game. Equipment required to play is also different from the men's. In the United States, women are only required to wear eyewear or lacrosse goggles and a mouth guard. Internationally, women are only required to wear a mouthguard, and have the option to play without protective goggles. The stick has restrictions too, as it must be a certain length and the pocket must be shallow enough to show the ball when held at eye level.

At the collegiate level in the United States, lacrosse is represented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, which conducts an NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship each spring. Internationally, women's lacrosse has a thirty-one-member governing body called the Federation of International Lacrosse, which sponsors the Women's Lacrosse World Cup once every four years.

History

Known as the "fastest sport on two feet,"^[1] lacrosse is a traditional Native American game which was first witnessed by Europeans when French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley witnessed the game in the 1630s.^[2][3] These games were sometimes major events that could last several days. As many as 100 to 1,000 men from opposing villages or tribes would participate.^[4] Native American lacrosse describes a broad variety of stick and ball games played by the indigenous people.^[5] Geography and tribal customs dictated the extent to which women participated in these early games.

"Lacrosse, as women play it, is an orderly pastime that has little in common with the men's tribal warfare version except the long-handled racket or crosse (stick) that gives the sport its name. It's true that the object in both the men's and women's lacrosse is to send a ball through a goal by means of the racket, but whereas men resort to brute strength the women depend solely on skill." Rosabelle Sinclair^[6]

The first modern women’s lacrosse game was played in 1890 at the St Leonards School in Scotland, where women's lacrosse had been introduced by Louisa Lumsden. Lumsden brought the game to Scotland after watching a men's lacrosse game between the Canghuwaya Indians and the Montreal Lacrosse Club.^[7] One of Lumsden's students, Rosabelle Sinclair, established the first women's lacrosse team in the United States at the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore, Maryland.^[8]

Until the mid-1930s, women's and men's field lacrosse were played under virtually the same rules, with no protective equipment. In the United States, the formation of the U.S. Women's Lacrosse Association led to a change in these rules.

Rules

A women's lacrosse player goes for a catch

Women’s lacrosse is played with a team of 12 players, including the goalkeeper during usual play. The ball used is typically yellow, unless both teams agree to use a different coloured ball. The duration of the game is 60 minutes, with two halves. Each team is allowed two 90-second team time-outs per game (two 2-minute timeouts in the USA). In the USA, a time-out may be requested by the head coach or any player on the field after a goal is scored or any time the requestor's team is in clear possession of the ball. If a possession timeout is called, players must leave their sticks in place on the field and return to that same place for the restart of play. No substitutions are allowed during this stoppage of play.

2005 NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship in which the Virginia Cavaliers lost to the Northwestern Wildcats

The rules of women's lacrosse differ significantly from men's lacrosse. The details that follow are the USA rules. International women's lacrosse rules are slightly different.^[9]

The women's lacrosse game saw numerous rule changes in 2000.^[10] Modifications included limiting the amount of players allowed between the two restraining lines on the draw to five players per team. Stick modifications have led to offset heads, which allow the women's game to move faster and makes stick moves and tricks easier. In 2002, goggles became mandatory equipment in the United States (but not a requirement in international rules). In 2006, hard boundaries were adopted.

In 2013 the rules for women's NCAA lacrosse changed a defensive rule that made the game more similar to that of the men's. Players in their defending end of the field may run through any portion of the crease (8 meter circle around the goal) as long as their team is not in possession of the ball for as long as 3 seconds. Only the defensive player who is directly marking the ball carrier within a stick’s length may remain in the crease while defending. This rule evolved the game to a point where the defense had more equality in play with both the attackers, and compared to the men's game.^[11]

In 2015, for the 2016 season, there were a few other major rule changes. Players are now allowed to kick the ball in order to get it out of traffic. Also, players are now allowed to self-start after an opposing player commits a minor foul against them.

Players

Traditionally, women played with three attackers (starting with the position closest to the net that a team is shooting at, the attack positions are called "first home", "second home", and "third home"), five midfielders (a "right attack wing", a "left attack wing", a "right defensive wing", a "left defensive wing", and a "center"), three defenders (starting from the position closest to the net a team is defending, these positions are called "point", "cover point", and "third man"), and one goalie.^[12] The positions used to be pinned on the players, and the players used to be required to be marked on defense by their opposite number (third man or "3M" covering the opposing third home "3H").

Today, under the rules of North America, seven players play attack at one time and seven defenders are present.^[12] Generally, a team has four attackers, four close defenders, and three midfielders. There is a restraining line that keeps the four defensive players (plus the goalie) from going into the attack, or four attackers from going into the defensive zone. If those players cross the line and participate in the play, they are considered offside and a major foul is called.^[12]

Equipment

Women's lacrosse rules are specifically designed to limit physical contact between players. As a result of the lack of contact, the only protective equipment required are a mouth guard and face guard/goggles. Although headgear is not required except for Florida where its mandatory for girls lacrosse players to wear a head gear it is considered to new lacrosse players due to the risk of head injury. This caused by the round rubber ball used in the sport.^[12][13] Players must wear eye protection according to US Lacrosse rules. All field players must properly wear eye protection that meets ASTM specification standard F803 for women's adult/ youth lacrosse for the appropriate level of play.^[14] All players must wear a professionally manufactured intra-oral mouthpiece that fully covers the teeth. The mouthguard must include portions protecting and separating the biting surfaces and protecting the teeth and supporting structures and has to cover he posterior teeth with adequate thickness.^[15] No protruding tabs are allowed for field players. In addition, players may choose to wear gloves, and jewelry is not allowed to be worn. Although the rules specify these types of protection, injuries still occur from accidental checks to the head and the overall nature of the sport. Players must wear composition or rubber soled shoes. No spikes are allowed. Plastic, leather, or rubber cleats-studs may be worn. Shoes and socks are not required to be identical for team members. The pockets of women's sticks are shallower than those of the men, making the ball more difficult to catch and to shoot at high speed. The pockets also make it harder to cradle without dropping the ball. The crosse of a women's stick may be 35.5 inches and no longer than 43.25 according to the NCAA girls lacrosse committee.^[16]

The crosse (Lacrosse stick) is divided into 2 parts the shaft and the head of the stick. The shaft can be made of a variety of materials such as wood, aluminum and composite materials depending on what position the player prefers. With women's lacrosse the rules specify only composite and aluminum be used due to accidental checks and hitting that can happen during the duration of the games. The top of the stick is where the head joins the shaft to make the whole stick. The head is made out of compact plastic where the mesh, sidewall and pocket form.^[17]

There are different mesh types made out of materials which affect the shot accuracy and handling of the ball. The sidewall is the siding of the head that affects the depth of the pocket and stiffness you feel when handling the ball. More stiff sidewalls and heads are better to use for defense players who want to check harder. More flexible sidewalls are better use of picking up groundballs, movement and faceoffs. And the pocket is made from the mesh and with these different meshes they can have different capabilities like a wide pocket allows and easier time catching balls, but will also cause less ball control. While a smaller head will allow the user a more hard time catching the ball but greater accuracy.^[18]

The lacrosse ball is made of solid rubber and can be white, yellow or orange. All lacrosse balls must meet NOCSAE (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment) standards.^[19]

Playing area

Women's lacrosse field dimensions based on 2007 IFWLA women's lacrosse rules

The size of the playing field depends on the players' age group. For U15 and U13 players, they must play on a regulation sized field with all appropriate markings. For U11, they must play on a regulation sized field with all appropriate markings whenever possible. Otherwise they may play on a modified field with reduced players. For U9 players the fields must be rectangular, between 60–70 yards in length and 30–40 yards in width to accommodate play on existing fields.^[20][21]

There are two different surroundings around the goal on both sides of the field; the eight meter arc and the 12 meter fan. When committing a major foul inside either of these areas, the offense regains the ball and has a direct opportunity to goal. If outside the 8-meter arc, but inside the fan, a "lane" to goal is cleared of all other players and the person who committed the foul is relocated 4 meters behind the offender. If inside the 8-meter-arc and a defensive foul occurs, all players that were previously inside the surrounding must take the most direct route out. The player who was fouled now moves to the nearest hash mark that is located around the edges of the arc and has a direct lane to goal. The defender who committed the foul is relocated on the 12-meter fan directly behind the shooter. If a player fouled another player not in the arc, the victim receives the ball and the player who fouled must back away at least 4 meters. All other players standing closer than 4 meters to the ball holder must also back away to give the girl room to move with the ball.

The shooting space rule in women's lacrosse is very important in keeping the players safe. It occurs when a defender moves into the offender's shooting lane to goal, at an angle that makes the defender at risk of being hit by the ball if the offender were to shoot.

Duration and tie-breaking methods

Women's games are played in two 30-minute halves (two 25-minute halves for high school varsity). These 30 minutes periods are running time (may be stop-clock after goals in USA rules), except for the last two minutes, during which time stops when the whistle is blown.^[12] While the whistle is blown, players must stand in place. In women's lacrosse, players are not allowed to intentionally touch the ball with their body to gain an advantage or cover the ball to protect it from being picked up by an opponent.^[12] Should a tie remain after regulation, state high-school associations can choose to break the tie using two 3-minute periods of extra time. If the game remains tied after the two periods of extra time, the teams will then play 3-minute golden goal overtime periods until one team scores, which wins them the game.

Ball in and out of play

The "draw" is what starts the game and keeps the game going after a goal is scored. The draw is when two players, one from each team, stand in the center circle with the backs of their sticks facing each other. Then the referee places the ball between the two sticks. Each player has to push their sticks together parallel to the ground to contain the ball. There are allowed four players from each team ( two Midfielders, one Attack wing, and one Defense wing)to stand along the circle surrounding the center circle during the draw. The players’ sticks around the circle cannot break the line until the whistle is blown. The centers must lift and pull their sticks over their heads releasing the ball.

When the referee blows the whistle during play everyone must stop exactly where they are. If the ball goes out of bounds on a shot then the player that is closest to the ball receives the possession. If the ball goes out of bounds not on a shot then the other team is awarded with the possession. For example, if a player threw a bad pass to her teammate and the ball went out of bounds then the other team would receive the ball. If the ball goes out of bounds on a shot, it is common for the player to reach out her stick in an attempt to be ruled closest to the ball and gain possession.

Protecting one's stick from being checked is a very important key in the game of women's lacrosse.^[12] In order to protect the stick from being checked, the player must cradle the ball. If the player has a strong "cradle", it would make it much more difficult to recover the ball for the opposing team. "Cradling" is the back and forth movement and twisting of the head of the stick, which keeps the ball in the pocket with centripetal force.

Allowable checking is based on what age level of the game is being played. Rules for U15 and above allow lacrosse players full checking above the head. However, this requires that at least one of the two umpires have a USL Local Rating so that they can judge the appropriate amount of contact. In most cases, a check into the head area is a mandatory red card. If a sufficiently experienced umpire is not available, then U13 checking rules must be used where modified checking only below the shoulder is allowed. Also in U13, a check into the head area is a yellow card rather than a mandatory red card. In U11 and U9 no checking is allowed. US Lacrosse rules recommend that Middle School/Junior High players play with U13 checking rules.^[20][21]

In women's lacrosse, players may only check if the check is directed away from the ball carrier's head.^[12] Also, players may only check using the side of their stick. If caught by one of the referees using the flat of the head, it will be called as a "held check" and the opposing team will get the ball.^[12]

There are two types of fouls in woman's lacrosse, major and minor.^[12] When a minor foul is committed anywhere on the field, the player who committed the fouled is set four meters to whichever side she was last guarding the person she obstructed. If a major foul occurs outside of the twelve meter fan or eight meter arc, the fouler must stand four meters behind the player she fouled.^[12]

Penalties

Penalties for women's lacrosse are assessed with the following cards:^[12]

• The green card, given to the team captain, is for a delay of game. A delay of game is issued when a player continually moves once the whistle is blown (creeping), failure to move 4-meters as directed by the referee, jewelry violation, and improper use of equipment.^[22]
• The yellow card is for a first-time penalty and results in the player being removed from the field for three minutes. In the U.S.: any player receiving two yellows sits out the rest of the game but is allowed to play in the next game.
• The red card is the result either of two yellow cards or a flagrant foul or extremely unsportsmanlike behavior, and causes the player to be ejected from the game. If the red card is for unsportsmanlike behavior, the player is also not permitted to play in the following game. U.S. rules differ in that a red card is not the result of two yellow cards and any player receiving a red card sits out the rest of that game and her team's next game.

Penalties assessed include:

• Rough/Dangerous Check
• Check to the Head (Mandatory Card)
• Slash (Mandatory Card)
• Holding
• Crosse in the sphere
• Illegal Contact
• Hooking
• Reach across the body
• Illegal cradle
• Blocking
• Charging
• Pushing
• Obstruction of the Free Space to Goal (Shooting Space)
• Illegal Pick
• Tripping
• Detaining
• Forcing Through
• False Start
• Playing the ball of an opponent
• Dangerous Propelling (Mandatory Card)
• Dangerous Follow-Through (Mandatory Card)
• Dangerous Shot
• Illegal Shot
• Covering
• Empty Stick Check
• Warding off
• Hand Ball
• Squeeze the Head of the Crosse
• Body Ball
• Throwing her crosse in any circumstance.
• Taking part in the game if she is not holding her crosse.
• Illegal Draw
• On the center draw, stepping on or into the center circle or on or over the restraining line before the whistle.
• Illegal crosse
• Scoring a goal with a crosse that does not meet the field crosse specifications.
• Adjusting the strings/thongs of her crosse after an official inspection of her crosse has been requested during the game. The crosse must be removed.
• Jewelry
• Illegal Uniform
• Illegal Substitution
• Delay of game
• Play from out of bounds
• Illegal re-entry
• Illegal Timeout

International competition

Beginning in 1972, the sport was governed internationally by the International Federation of Women's Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA). The formation of the IFWLA actually predated that of the corresponding body for men's lacrosse, the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF), by two years.

In August 2008, after negotiations lasting four years, the IFWLA and ILF agreed to merge into a single governing body, the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL). All tournaments operated by the IFWLA have been taken over by the FIL.

Every four years, the Women's Lacrosse World Cup is held. It was organized by the IFWLA before its merger with the IFL, and is now organized by the FIL. The most recent edition was held in Oshawa, Canada, in 2013. The United States defeated Canada in the final.

The next World Cup will be held in Surrey, England in 2017.

Famous players

Hannah Nielsen, 4 time champion NU, 2 x Tewaarton Trophy Winner

• Katie Schwarzmann, two-time winner of the Tewaaraton Trophy, member of United States women's national lacrosse team.
• Kristen Kjellman, two-time winner (2006, 2007) of the Tewaaraton Trophy.
• Katie Chrest, 2005 Tewaaraton Trophy winner, All-American for Duke Blue Devils women's lacrosse team
• Jen Adams, head coach for the Loyola Greyhounds of Loyola University Maryland and All-American lacrosse player for the Maryland Terrapins of the University of Maryland, College Park.
• Nicole Hauser, 4 year All-American for the Northwestern Wildcats of Northwestern University
• Dana Dobbie, assistant coach at Loyola University Maryland, two-time Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Player of the Year and the 2008 Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Midfielder of the Year at University of Maryland.^[23]

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

• International Federation of Women's Lacrosse Associations
• US Lacrosse – The National Governing Body
• Women's lacrosse in the United States
• Women's lacrosse in England
• Women's lacrosse in Wales
• Women's field lacrosse in Canada
• Women's lacrosse in Australia
• Women's lacrosse in the Netherlands
• NCAA women's lacrosse stats

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