Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners

The Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners, which was passed on March 7, 1852 in the Utah Territory, dealt with Indian slavery.[1] A similar law, the Act in Relation to Service, which had made slavery legal in the territory, had been passed on Feb 4, 1852.

Background

Although illegal throughout Mexico, the Indian slave trade was well established when the Mormon pioneers arrived in Utah. At the encouragement of Mormon leaders, the Mormon pioneers began buying Indians slaves.[2] They also acquired other prisoners through wars such as Battle at Fort Utah. At the end of the Mexican-American War, Utah became a part of the United States, and the issue of slavery in the new territories became a highly political subject. Finally, members of Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, which allowed the Territories of Utah and New Mexico to choose by popular sovereignty whether to make slavery legal in those territories. Brigham Young began seeking to stop the Mexican slave trade while encouraging the local market, and notified the Mexicans.[3]

Many of Walker's band were upset by the interruption with the Mexican slave trade. In one graphic incident, Ute Indian Chief Arrapine, a brother of Chief Walkara, insisted that because the Mormons had stopped the Mexicans from buying these children, the Mormons were obligated to purchase them. In his book, Forty Years Among the Indians, Daniel Jones wrote, "[s]everal of us were present when he took one of these children by the heels and dashed its brains out on the hard ground, after which he threw the body towards us, telling us we had no hearts, or we would have bought it and saved its life."[3]

In 1851, Don Pedro Leon Lujan, who had been trading slaves with a New Mexico license, sought a Utah license from Brigham Young. He refused. Later, Lujan was discovered with Indian slaves, and was charged with trading with Indians without a license. The trial was in progress and the ambiguous status of slavery had become an issue in the trial.

Reasoning for act

While the Mormons were not opposed to using the slaves for their own purposes, they opposed the harsh conditions of Mexican slavery.[4]:272 On January 5, 1852, Brigham Young addressed the joint session of the Utah Territory legislature. He discussed the ongoing trial of Don Pedro Leon Lujan and the importance of explicitly indicating the true policy for slavery in Utah. He explained that although he didn't think people should be treated as property, he felt because Indians were so low and degraded, that transferring them to "the more favored portions of the human race", would be a benefit and relief. He argued that it is proper for persons thus purchased to owe a debt to the man or woman who saved them,[5] and that it was "necessary that some law should provide for the suitable regulations under which all such indebtedness should be defrayed". He said this was superior to drudgery of Mexican slavery, because the Mexicans were "scarcely superior" to the Indians. He argued that this type of service was necessary and honorable to improve the condition of Indians.[6]

Passing of the act

The Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah legalized slavery in February 1852 and dealt with Indian slavery in March 1852. The act was divided into four sections.

The first section required that an Indian slave be in possession of a white person and be either a prisoner, a woman or a child. The prospective slave owner would bring the slave to the probate judge, who was then required to verify the slave owner was "properly qualified to raise or retain said Indian". If approved, the slave was then bound for up to twenty years.[1] This could be renewed.[7]

The second section mandated that the probate officer record the slave's name, age, place of birth, name of parents, tribe, name of slave owner, name of slave trader, and date of being bound.[1]

The third section gave the probate officer power to obtain additional Indian prisoners and find slave owners for them.[1]

The fourth section required the master to send children between the ages of seven and sixteen years to school for a period of three months each year if an school was available. Masters were also required to clothe them "in a comfortable and becoming manner, according to his, said master’s, condition in life." Masters were answerable to the probate judge for the treatment of these slaves.[1]

The total education requirement was significantly greater than for blacks, and slightly less than white indentured servants, whose masters were required to send them to school at age six.[8]

Effects of the act

As a result of this act, many Mormon families took small Indian children into their homes to protect them from Mexican slavery or from being left destitute. John D. Lee, for example, wrote in his journal about a group of Indians who "brought me two more girls for which I gave them two horses. I named the girls Annette and Elnora."[9]

This act concerned Republicans, who had made anti-slavery one of the pillars of their platform. While considering appropriations for Utah Territory, Representative Justin Smith Morrill criticized the Mormon church for its laws on Indian slavery. He said that the laws were unconcerned about the way the Indian slaves were captured, noting that the only requirement was that the Indian be possessed by a white person through purchase or otherwise. He said that Utah was the only American government to enslave Indians, and said that state-sanctioned slavery "is a dreg placed at the bottom of the cup by Utah alone".[7] The Republicans' abhorrence of slavery in Utah delayed Utah's entrance as a state into the Union.

In 1857, Representative Justin Smith Morrill estimated that there were 400 Indian slaves in Utah.[7] Richard Kitchen has identified at least 400 Indian slaves taken into Mormon homes, but estimates even more went unrecorded because of the high mortality rate of Indian slaves. Many of them tried to escape.[4]

Similar acts

On the following day, March 8, 1852, the Act in relation to the assembling of Indians was passed, which prohibited the assembling of Indians near white settlements.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials Passed at the ... Annual, and Special Sessions, of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah. Brigham H. Young, Printers. 1866. pp. 87–88.
  2. ↑ Ronald L. Holt. Beneath These Red Cliffs. USU Press. p. 25.
  3. 1 2 Jones, Daniel Webster (1890), Forty Years Among the Indians, Salt Lake City, Utah: Juvenile Instructor Office, p. 53, OCLC 3427232
  4. 1 2 Andrés Reséndez. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America.
  5. ↑ Michael Kay Bennion. "Captivity, Adoption, Marriage and Identity: Native American Children in Mormon Homes, 1847-1900".
  6. ↑ Utah. Legislative Assembly (1852). Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, of the ... Annual Session, for the Years ..., Volume 1. p. 109.
  7. 1 2 3 United States. Congress (1857). The Congressional Globe, Part 2. Blair & Rives. p. 287-288.
  8. ↑ Utah (1876). The Compiled Laws of the Territory of Utah: Containing All the General Statutes Now in Force, to which is Prefixed the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, Organic Act of Utah, and Laws of Congress Especially Applicable to this Territory. Deseret News Steam Printing Establishment.
  9. ↑ Campbell, Eugene E. (1988), "Chapter 6: The Mormons and the Indians—Ideals versus Realities", Establishing Zion: The Mormon Church in the American West, 1847-1869, Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, ISBN 0941214621, OCLC 17261802
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