Comfort food

Chicken soup is a common classic comfort food that is found across various cultures.

Comfort food is food which provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to the consumer,^[1] and is often characterized by its high caloric nature, high carbohydrate level, and simple preparation.^[2] The nostalgia may be specific to either the individual or a specific culture.^[3]

Definition

The term comfort food has been traced back at least to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called ‘comfort food’—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother’s poached egg or famous chicken soup."^[4] They are believed to be a great coping mechanism for rapidly soothing negative feelings.

Psychological studies

Comfort foods may be consumed to positively pique emotions, to relieve negative psychological effects or to increase positive feelings.^[5]

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or effect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.^[6]

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.^[7] An article, "The Myth of Comfort Food" asserted that men tend to choose these types of savory comfort foods because they remind them of being "pampered" or spoiled, while women choose snack-related foods because they are associated with low amounts of work and less "cleanup." It also suggested that women are more likely to reach for unhealthier foods in times of stress due to more weight-conscious mindsets.

Comfort food consumption has been seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.^[8] The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.^[9]

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.^[10] The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.^[11] For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.^[12]

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.^[13]

By country

A partial list by country of comfort foods around the world.

Australia and New Zealand

Comfort foods in Australia and New Zealand may include:^[14][15]

Britain

Bangers and mash is a British comfort food.^[17]

British comfort foods include the following foods:^{[18][19][20][21]}

Canada

A plate of classic poutine at a Montreal restaurant.

France

A madeleine. A madeleine de Proust is a French expression specifically referring to Marcel Proust's description of comfort food in In Search of Lost Time.

India

Comfort food in India usually varies between states and cities. Typically such food is freshly eaten and easily available at roadside eateries or shops. Home made food, especially by mothers, has a high sentimental value in India. This homemade food includes a very common Indian comfort food known as Khichdi(made of lightly spiced rice and dal, usually served with ghee)

• Bhel puri
• Samosa
• Aloo puri
• Vada pav
• Dhokla
• Kachori
• Masala Dosa
• Shira
• Misal Pav
• Upma
• Dosa
• Idli
• Basundi- very well-loved sweet made by condensing milk to give it a grainy texture
• Litti-Chokha
• Bread pakoda

Indonesia

Bubur ayam (chicken congee) is an Indonesian comfort food.

Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and soupy or with a soft texture. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence.^[31] Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food might also be a certain brand or type of Indonesian instant noodle, such as Indomie Mi goreng.^[32] Indonesian comfort foods include:

Pakistan

• Aloo gosht ^[39]
• Shawarma
• Kulfi
• Laddu

Philippines

Poland

Some Polish comfort food include:

Puerto Rico

Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:^{[43][44][45][46]}

Russia and Ukraine

Solyanka

Russian and Ukrainian comfort foods may include but are not limited to:

Taiwan

Dan zai noodles

Turkey

Mantı

In Turkish, comfort food is closest in meaning to the term Turkish: Anne yemeği, "mother's dish", especially in terms of providing a nostalgic feeling, or Turkish: Ev yemeği, "home dish". Some of Turkish comfort foods are:

United States

Macaroni and cheese is an American comfort food.^[53]

American comfort foods may include the following foods:

See also

References

Further reading

• Hoffman, Jan. "The Myth of Comfort Food". Well. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 
• "USATODAY.com - Women like sugar, men like meat". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 
• Romm, Cari. "Why Comfort Food Comforts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 April 2016. 
• http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/04/why-comfort-food-comforts/389613/

External links

• Media related to Comfort food at Wikimedia Commons