Cyclone Susan

Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 5 (Saffir–Simpson scale)

Cyclone Susan near its peak intensity on January 5, just before it re-curves away from Vanuatu
Formed December 20, 1997
Dissipated January 10, 1998
Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 230 km/h (145 mph)
1-minute sustained: 260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure 900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg
Fatalities 1
Damage > $100,000 (1998 USD)
Areas affected Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand
Part of the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record within the South Pacific basin, which was first noted on December 20, 1997, as a weak tropical disturbance located to the north of American Samoa. Over the next 12 days, the disturbance remained weak while it gradually moved towards the southwest before it started to rapidly develop on January 2, 1998 while it was located near the Fijian dependency of Rotuma. The disturbance was declared a tropical cyclone later that day, but was not named Susan until the next day, after it had intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale. Over the next few days, Susan moved towards the southwest and continued to intensify before it reached its peak intensity as a category five tropical cyclone during January 5 while it was located about 400 km (250 mi) to the northwest of Vanuatu's capital city Port Vila.

At this stage as the cyclone was moving towards the southwest it posed a severe threat to Vanuatu however, during that day Susan recurved towards the southeast and subsequently spared Vanuatu a direct hit. After sparing Vanuatu a direct hit, Susan started to accelerate towards the southeast and while starting to weaken significantly passed close enough to Fiji during January 7 and 8 to cause gale force winds in Fiji's southern and western islands. While continuing to move towards the southeast, Susan started to interact with Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron during January 8 before it absorbed Ron by 0600 UTC the next day and starting to transition into an extratropical cyclone. The extratropical remnants of the combined systems were then monitored for another day until they were last noted on January 10, bringing an unseasonable cold snap to New Zealand. Despite sparing Vanuatu and Fiji direct hits, heavy rain and gale force winds associated with Susan were reported to have caused minor damage to several Vanuatuan and Fijian islands. These islands included Viti Levu where a possible tornado destroyed the roof of a shopping centre and the Vanuatuan island of Ambrym, where a woman died after being hit by a falling coconut tree, while gathering supplies to secure her house with.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

On December 20, 1997, the Fiji Meteorological Service's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji (RSMC Nadi), started to monitor a weak tropical disturbance that was located about 915 km (570 mi), to the northwest of Pago-Pago in American Samoa.[1][2] Over the next two weeks the system gradually moved towards the west-southwest, without developing into a tropical cyclone.[1] During January 2, a mid-level ridge of high pressure developed between Fiji and Vanuatu, which provided an area of low vertical wind shear.[3] The system subsequently started to show signs of significant development, before early on January 3, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated warnings on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 11P.[4] RSMC Nadi subsequently reported later that day that the depression had intensified into a category 1 tropical cyclone, on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, while located near the Fiji dependency of Rotuma.[5] During that day the system continued to rapidly develop with RSMC Nadi reporting early on January 4, that Susan had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[6] During January 4, Susan continued to rapidly intensify with the JTWC reporting that Susan had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale as convection surrounding the system organized further and developed an eye feature.[2][7]

Cyclone Susan absorbing Cyclone Ron

As the ridge of high pressure that was located to the south of the cyclone started to weaken, which meant that Susan started to move further towards the southwest.[8] RSMC Nadi then reported at 0000 UTC on January 5, that the system had become a category 5 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 140 mph (220 km/h), before reporting 6 hours later that Susan had reached its peak 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 145 mph (225 km/h) and a peak pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg).[9] Around this time RSMC Nadi reported that the system might of developed a double eye feature while the JTWC reported that Susan had peaked with 1-minute wind speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph) equivalent to a weak category five hurricane on the SSHS.[2][8] As the system reached its peak intensity, Susan was moving towards the southwest and as a result, it "posed a severe threat to Vanuatu," however during that afternoon, Susan recurved towards the southeast "just in time to spare Vanuatu, a direct hit.”[10] After turning away from Vanuatu, Susan accelerated towards the southeast while remaining near or at its peak intensities, before starting to weaken significantly during January 7.[9] RSMC Nadi then reported early the next day, that Susan had weakened into a category 4 severe tropical cyclone while it was located about 435 km (270 mi), to the southeast of Nadi, Fiji, which was close enough for the system to produce gale force winds in several southern and western Fijian Islands.[6][11] By 0000 UTC on January 9, Susan had completely absorbed Cyclone Ron, before the final advisories on the combined system, were released later that day as it lost its tropical characteristics and became extratropical.[10][12] The remnants of the combined system were then monitored for another day, until they were last noted during January 10, bringing an unseasonable cold snap to New Zealand.[9][13]

Intensity

According to RSMC Nadi, Susan had peak 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph) which made it a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[6][14] RSMC Nadi also estimated that Susan had an estimated minimum pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), which made it one of the two most intense tropical cyclones on record in the Southern Pacific.[6][15] This record was subsequently broken in 2002, when Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe had an estimated minimum pressure of 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) and became the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the southern Pacific and Australian basins.[16]

Preparations and impact

Cyclone Susan caused 1 death and at least US$100 thousand worth of damage, when it affected the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji during January 1998.[5] Due to the impact of this storm, the name Susan was retired from the lists of tropical cyclone names for the Australian region.[17] Between January 2–5, the system impacted Temotu province of the Solomon Islands, where it caused damage to several food gardens and destroyed several houses.[18][19]

Ahead of the system impacting Vanuatu, the Vanuatu National Disaster Management Council issued various tropical cyclone alerts to warn residents about the approaching cyclone, which included a red alert for the Maewo, Pentecost and Ambae islands.[20][21] Because of the upcoming cyclone the national radio station extended its programming to run throughout the night of January 5–6.[20] Vanautu's domestic airline Vanair closed its airfields in the northern islands and cancelled all of its flights except for several direct flights between Santo Island and Port Vila the capital city of Vanuatu.[20] All ships and small boats were advised to seek refuge due to the high seas and swells that were expected from Susan.[20][22] However, during January 7, Susan moved south-eastwards and the Fijian islands and spared Vanuatu a direct hit.[10] Despite being spared a direct hit, heavy rain and gale force winds caused minor damage to several Vanuatuan Islands, including on Ambrym Island, where a woman died after being hit by a falling coconut tree, while gathering supplies to secure her house with.[11][23][24] After the alerts were cancelled on January 7, by the National Disaster Management Council, most shops and government buildings on Efate island kept their shutters up because Cyclone Katrina was predicted to directly affect the archipelago within a few days.[21]

Late on January 6, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for Fiji, while Susan was located about 600 km (375 mi) to the west of Nadi, Fiji.[5] The alert stated that Susan, was expected to pass as close as 300 km (185 mi) to the southwest of Viti Levu during the next day.[5] They also warned that there was a chance that the cyclone would curve more towards the east-southeast and bring gale force or stronger winds over Fiji.[5] Early the next day as squally strong north to north-easterly winds were starting to affect Fiji, the FMS upgraded the alert to a gale warning for Vatulele, Kadavu, western and south-western Viti Levu and the Yasawa and Mamanuca island groups.[5] The system subsequently passed close enough to Fiji, to cause some minor coastal damage to several southern and western Fijian islands, including on the main island of Viti Levu.[11] The cyclone also brought with it some beneficial rainfall which helped to ease the drought conditions that were present in Fiji.[21] However, gale force winds, high seas, a heavy swell and storm surge inundated Bequ Island and a village on Kadavu Island, while partly destroying beach-fronts, roads, jetties and bridges within the archipelago.[11] Within Lautoka several shops, power lines, a bus station and the roof of a shopping complex were damaged after what was believed to be either a tornado or tornadic winds developed in one of Susan's rainbands as it crossed the shoreline.[5][10][25] Firemen and linesmen from the Fiji Electricity Authority, were called in to assist police to clear downed power wires.[25]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Padgett, Gary (March 18, 2008). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary January 1998". Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Susan) best track analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  3. ↑ Bonell, Michael; Callaghan, Jeff; Connor, G (2005). "Chapter 11: Synoptic and mesoscale rain producing systems in the humid tropics". In Bonell, Michael; Bruijnzeel, Leendert Adrian. Forests, water, and people in the humid tropics: past, present, and future hydrological research for integrated land and water management. International Hydrological Series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 0-521-82953-4.
  4. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 3, 1998). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Susan) Warning 1 January 3, 1998 0000z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 20, 1998). Preliminary Report on Tropical Cyclone Susan — January 3 - 9, 1998 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (May 22, 2009). "Best Track Data for the 1997–98 season". Fiji Meteorological Service. United States: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  7. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 4, 1998). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Susan) Warning 4, January 4, 1998 1200z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1998). "January 1998" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. Australian: Bureau of Meteorology. 17 (1): 2–3. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  10. 1 2 3 4 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 29, 2007). RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1997-98 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Chappel Lori-Carmen; Bate Peter W (June 2, 2000). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 49: 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  12. ↑ Naval Pacific Meteorological and Oceanographic Center (January 9, 1998). "Tropical Cyclone 11P (Susan) Warning 13 January 9, 1998 0300z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Blame Cyclone Susan for cold snap". The Southland Times. New Zealand: The Southland Times Co. Ltd. January 10, 1998. p. 1. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  14. ↑ "Cyclone Katrina no longer a threat to Australian coast". Australian Associated Press. January 6, 1998. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  15. ↑ "Fiji group on alert as cyclone moves closer". Australian Associated Press. January 7, 1998.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  16. ↑ Hall, Jonty C; Callaghan, Jeff (April 12, 2003). "Tropical Cyclone Zoe — the most intense Tropical Cyclone observed in the Australia/South Pacific region?". Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. 16 (April 2003): 31–36. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  17. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (May 5, 2015). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2014 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 2B–1 – 2B–4 (23–26). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region" (PDF). Solomon Islands Meteorological Service. September 13, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Strength of Cyclone Katrina felt in Honiara" (PDF). Solomon Star. January 9, 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Cyclone Susan triggers red alert in Vanautu". Agence France Presse. January 5, 1998. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  21. 1 2 3 Keith-Reid, Robert (January 7, 1998). "Cyclone Susan blows towards Fiji". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Cyclone Susan threatens Vanuatu". Agence France Presse. January 4, 1998. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  23. ↑ "Cyclone Susan leaves Vanautu, Katrina approaches". Agence French Press. January 6, 1998. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  24. ↑ Newman, Steve (January 9, 1998). "Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending January 9, 1998". The Sunday Gazette. pp. F5. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  25. 1 2 Pacific Islands Report (January 8, 1998). "Cyclone Susan hits Lautoka, Fiji". Pacific Islands Development Program/Center for Pacific Islands Studies. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
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