Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Excavata
Phylum:	Metamonada
Class:	Parabasalia
Order:	Trichomonadida
Family:	Monocercomonadidae
Genus:	Dientamoeba
Species:	D. fragilis
Binomial name
Dientamoeba fragilis Jeeps et Dobell, 1918

Dientamoeba fragilis is a single-celled protist found in the gastrointestinal tract of some humans, pigs and gorillas. It causes gastrointestinal upset in some people, but not in others. ^[1] It is an important cause of travellers diarrhoea, chronic diarrhoea, fatigue and, in children, failure to thrive. Despite this, its role as a "commensal, pathobiont, or pathogen" is still debated.^[2]

Etymology

• Di refers to the two nuclei in the trophozoites (feeding stage of the organism).
• Ent refers to the enteric environment in which the organism is found.
• The species name fragilis refers to the fact that the trophozoite stages are fragile; they do not survive long in the stool after leaving the body of the human host.

It was first described in 1918.^[3]

Dientamoebiasis

Infection with D. fragilis, called dientamoebiasis, is associated variously with symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever. In one study, D. fragilis was identified in 0.9% of patients observed. Its coincidence with enterobiasis has been reported.^[4]

Phylogenetics

Dientamoeba fragilis is a type of trichomonad. Trichomonads are flagellated organisms but D. fragilis lacks flagella,^[5] having secondarily 'lost' them over evolutionary time. Thus, it is an amoeba of flagellate ancestry. In point of ultrastructural and antigenic view, Dientamoeba is reclassified as a flagellate.

The lifecycle of this parasite has not yet been completely determined, but some assumptions have been made based on clinical data. Recently, a cyst stage has been reported,^[6] although it is yet to be independently confirmed. If true, D. fragilis is probably transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Prior to the report of this cyst stage in the lifecycle of Dientamoeba, transmission was postulated to occur by helminth eggs (e.g., Ascaris, Enterobius spp.). The rationale for this suggestion was that D. fragilis is closely related to the turkey parasite Histomonas, which is known to be transmitted by the eggs of the helminth Heterakis.

Build

D. fragilis replicates by binary fission, moves by pseudopodia, and feeds by phagocytosis. The cytoplasm typically contains numerous food vacuoles that contain ingested debris, including bacteria. Waste materials are eliminated from the cell through digestive vacuoles by exocytosis. D. fragilis possesses some flagellate characteristics. In the binucleated form is a spindle structure located between the nuclei, which stems from certain polar configurations adjacent to a nucleus; these configurations appear to be homologous to hypermastigotes’ atractophores. A complex Golgi apparatus is seen; the nuclear structure of D. fragilis is more similar to that of flagellated trichomonads than to that of Entamoeba. Also notable is the presence of hydrogenosomes, which are also a characteristic of other trichomonads.^[7]

See also

• List of parasites (human)

References

External links

• http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic563.htm