February 2013 nor'easter

February 2013 nor'easter
Category 3 "Major" (RSI: 9.212)

Suomi NPP image of the nor'easter on February 9, 2013
Type Nor'easter
Blizzard
Formed February 7, 2013 (February 7, 2013)
Dissipated February 18, 2013 (February 18, 2013)
Lowest pressure 968 mbar (28.6 inHg)[1]
Highest gust 102 mph (164 km/h)[2]
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion 40 inches (100 cm)
at Hamden, Connecticut[3][4]
Damage Unknown
Casualties 18 fatalities
Areas affected

During the early weeks of February 2013, there was a powerful winter storm that developed from the combination of two areas of low pressure,[5] primarily affecting the Northeastern United States and parts of Canada, causing heavy snowfall and hurricane-force winds. The storm crossed the Atlantic Ocean, affecting Ireland and the United Kingdom.[6] The nor'easter's effects in the United States received a Category 3 rank on the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale, classifying it as a "Major" Winter Storm.

The first low-pressure system, originating from the Northern Plains of the United States, produced moderate amounts of snow across the Great Lakes region of the U.S. and Canada.[7] The second low, originating across the state of Texas, produced heavy rains and flooding across much of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic parts of the U.S. As the two systems merged off the Northeast coast on February 8, 2013, they produced heavy snowfall over a large region from North Jersey and inland from New York City through eastern New England up to coastal Maine and inland to Ontario.

Total snowfall in Boston, Massachusetts, reached 24.9 inches (63 cm), the fifth-highest total ever recorded in the city.[8] New York City officially recorded 11.4 inches (29 cm) of snow at Central Park, and Portland, Maine, set a record of 31.9 inches (81 cm). Hamden, Connecticut recorded the highest snowfall of the storm at 40 inches (100 cm). Many surrounding cities picked up at least 1 foot (30 cm). In addition to the significant snowfall totals, hurricane-force wind gusts were recorded, reaching 102 mph (164 km/h) in Nova Scotia, 89 mph (143 km/h) at Mount Desert Rock, Maine, and 84 mph (135 km/h) off the coast of Cuttyhunk, Massachusetts.[2][9][10] Boston experienced a storm surge of 4.2 ft (1.3 m), its fourth-highest.[11] The storm affected Atlantic Canada after hitting the Northeastern United States.

Watches and warnings were issued in preparation for the storm, and state governors declared states of emergency in all states in New England and in New York. Flights at many major airports across the region were canceled, and travel bans were put into place on February 8 in several states. Hundreds ended up stranded on Long Island late on February 8 as a result of the rapidly accumulating snowfall. A combination of strong winds and heavy, wet snow left 700,000 customers without electricity at the height of the storm.[12] At least eighteen deaths were attributed to the storm.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Meteorological history

WPC forecast graphic anticipating the development of the merging low-pressure areas on February 7

Atmospheric conditions leading up to the formation of the February 2013 nor'easter were rather anomalous and were conducive for cyclogenesis. Such conditions included the presence of a ridge over the North Atlantic and the strengthening of a trough in California.[22] The impactful nature of the eventual winter storm event was first predicted in National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) forecasts at 1200 UTC on February 6,[nb 1] when the accumulation of at least 4 in (100 mm) of snow in the ensuing hours was considered a moderate probability in parts of Wisconsin and Michigan.[23] Fueled by energy originating from the Gulf of Alaska and carried by the polar jet stream, a low-pressure area formed as anticipated in Montana at 1200 UTC the next day.[22] The cyclone tracked in a general east-northeastward direction throughout the day,[24] reaching central Indiana by early on February 8.[25]

As the low-pressure system over the United States Midwest developed, energy associated with the subtropical jet over the Mexican plateau tracked into the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in the formation of another low-pressure area just off the Texas coast on February 7.[22] Tracking eastward, the system produced isolated severe weather across the United States Gulf Coast.[26] Nearing noon that day, the cyclone moved into the Florida Panhandle.[27] By February 8, the low-pressure system had moved into Georgia.[28] Both the system in the Gulf of Mexico and the system in the Midwestern United States were supported by the same shortwave trough. Due to blocking steering patterns, both storms began to gravitate towards the Eastern Seaboard.[22]

The HPC began issuing periodic storm summary bulletins on the two low-pressure areas at 0300 UTC on February 8. Their forecasts suggested that the system associated with the subtropical jet stream would rapidly intensify near the United States East Coast, later absorbing the system associated with the polar jet stream.[29] A few hours later, the southern disturbance began a phase of barometric deepening as it tracked northeastward off the Outer Banks, while the northern system maintained an easterly course into northwestern Ohio.[30] Beginning at 0000 UTC on February 9, the two systems began an extensive merging process, with the strengthening cyclone originating from the subtropics absorbing energy from the cyclone originating from the polar jet stream.[22] This resulted in the cyclone off the United States East Coast to continue intensifying while the initial system to the northwest gradually diffused over the Mid-Atlantic states.[31] Throughout the day the resulting system continued to track to the northeast, bringing along with it a large swath of snowfall that tracked across New England and into Canada.[32] By 1200 UTC, the extratropical cyclone had strengthened enough to classify it as a bomb.[33]

At 2100 UTC on February 9, the extratropical cyclone reached its peak intensity with a minimum barometric pressure of 968 mbar (hPa; 28.59 inHg) while located roughly 200 mi (320 km) off the coast of Massachusetts.[1] After reaching peak intensity the system began to steadily weaken and depart the coast of New England, tracking near Nova Scotia early on February 10, upon which the HPC issued their final storm summary bulletin.[34] Despite the discontinuance of bulletins, the extr-tropical cyclone continued to persist and assumed an easterly course. By February 13, the storm system had tracked just south of Iceland,[35] bringing a cold and warm front into the British Isles.[36] The system then began to curve northward through the Norwegian Sea over the next few days,[37] before it was absorbed by a larger system on February 18.[38]

Preparations

Winter storm warning at York University.

Canada

Environment Canada issued winter storm warnings for much of Ontario, and Toronto issued an extreme weather alert ahead of the storm.[39] Several universities and colleges closed throughout Southern Ontario.[40][41] Many flights were canceled in the region[42] and Greyhound canceled bus service to New York.[43] In the Maritimes, blizzard warnings were in effect for parts of New Brunswick[44] and all of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, with more than 50 centimetres (20 in) possible.[45][46]

United States

The precursor to the nor'easter over the Southeastern United States on February 7

By late on February 7, 2013, winter storm warnings and winter weather advisories were issued for the northeastern United States, from the Upper Midwest to New England. There was also a blizzard warning for the New York metropolitan area, all of Connecticut, all of Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts, as well as southeast New Hampshire and coastal Maine.[29] On February 8, blizzard warnings were expanded to include inland portions of southeast New Hampshire, and inland portions of Maine's coastal counties.[47] By February 8, storm warnings and hurricane force wind warnings were in effect for the New England and Mid Atlantic waters, in addition to coastal flood warnings.[48]

In Chicago, officials deployed 199 snow trucks, and the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority sent 182 plows for its road system.[49] In the northeast United States, the storm threatened beaches and dunes in areas affected by Hurricane Sandy from the previous October.[50] Due to the storm's threat, airlines canceled more than 2,700 flights, mostly for February 8. In New York, officials readied snow removal crews,[51] with more than 250,000 tons of salt prepared.[50] Schools were closed in Hartford, Connecticut and Providence, Rhode Island, among other cities.[52]

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy declared a state of emergency at 12:00 p.m. EST (1700 UTC) on February 8, and closed limited-access highways statewide at 4:00 p.m.[53] Connecticut Light and Power and United Illuminating planned for 30 percent of customers to lose power in Connecticut, and hired out-of-state line crews to assist with power restoration.[54] Governor Malloy on February 9 ordered all roads in the state closed except to essential vehicles.[55]

Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee declared a state of emergency on February 8, and issued a travel ban for interstates and other major highways effective 5 p.m. EST.[56][57]

Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick declared a state of emergency at 12:00 p.m. EST on February 8, and banned vehicles from all public roads after 4:00 p.m.; it was the first statewide driving ban in Massachusetts since the Blizzard of 1978, which happened to strike the region exactly 35 years and 1 day earlier. The ban, issued via executive order, included a penalty of one year in jail and/or a five hundred dollar fine. The ban did not apply to emergency vehicles, hospital workers, or the media.[58][59] The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) suspended subway, commuter rail, bus, and boat service at 3:30 p.m on February 8,[60] and flights at Boston Logan International Airport were suspended at 4:00 p.m.[61] Boston mayor Thomas Menino ordered schools to close and recommended that businesses shut down during the storm.[51] The National Hockey League postponed a game between the Boston Bruins and the Tampa Bay Lightning that was scheduled to be played at Boston's TD Garden on February 9 due to the nor'easter; the game was originally set for a delayed start of 7 p.m.; before the game was first delayed to 7 p.m. it was set for 1 p.m.[62]

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency on February 8.[63] Maine Governor Paul LePage declared a state of emergency as well.[64] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie activated his state's Emergency Operations Center on the morning of February 8.[65]

More than 800 National Guard soldiers and airmen were activated in Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York to support actions needed on state roads.[66]

United Kingdom

The Met Office issued an amber warning for snow and ice for the weakened storm for between 09:05 till 23:55 GMT on Wednesday 13 February. The already existing Cold weather health alert was extended in anticipation of the storm. Forecasters also warned of severe drifting of snow ahead of the gale force winds.[6]

Impact

Storm on Keele Campus, York University, in Toronto.

Canada

The storm brought significant snow to Southern Ontario from February 7 to February 8. Snowdrifts caused major disruptions on roads and freeways.[67] Nearly a thousand flights were canceled at Pearson International Airport, as well as a numerous flights at Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, Montreal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, and Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (Toronto island).[68] The storm brought snow and high winds to Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal, as well as extensive flooding to parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Power was disrupted for thousands of customers in Atlantic Canada, and dozens of flights were canceled at Halifax Stanfield International Airport on February 9. All Marine Atlantic ferries on February 9 were canceled. Nova Scotia was hit with wind gusts up to 164 kilometers per hour (102 mph),[2] and more than 21,000 Nova Scotia Power customers were without electricity as of the afternoon of February 9.[69]

United States

Snowfall totals in New England from February 8–9

Northeast

Snow and rainfall began at 9 a.m. on February 8 across New England; by late that day, totals reached 8 in (200 mm) near Milton, Vermont.[70] Later that evening, snow was falling at 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) per hour in coastal Massachusetts, and at an extreme rate of over 6 inches per hour in parts of Connecticut.[71] Thunder and lighting along with small hail were reported within the heavy band of snow in Connecticut. In Massachusetts, two neighborhoods in Quincy and about a dozen homes in Salisbury were evacuated due to coastal flooding. Voluntary evacuation orders were issued for oceanfront residents in Revere, Marshfield, and Scituate.[72] Early on February 9, mandatory evacuations were ordered for Massachusetts coastal regions near the town of Hull due to possible flooding and high winds.[73]

Parts of coastal New England experienced hurricane-force winds from the storm, with a peak gust of 89 mph (143 km/h) in Mount Desert Rock, Maine.[9] A maximum gust of 87 mph (140 km/h) was recorded on the Isle of Shoals, a small group of islands off the New Hampshire coast.[74] Winds of 84 mph (135 km/h) were recorded in Buzzards Bay near Cuttyhunk, Massachusetts,[10] and Boston's Logan Airport measured a wind gust of 76 mph (122 km/h).[75]

When the snow stopped, the highest amount recorded was 40 inches (100 cm) in Hamden, Connecticut. The 31.9 inches (81 cm) of snow in Portland, Maine, set a new record for the city from a single snowstorm, and Gorham, Maine set a record for the state of 35.5 inches (90 cm). It was the second highest total in Hartford, Connecticut, with 22.8 inches (58 cm); Concord, New Hampshire, received 24 inches (61 cm) of snow. Boston received 24.9 inches (63 cm) of snow, the fifth highest total in the city from a single storm. It was the third-largest snowfall in Worcester, Massachusetts, at 28.7 inches (73 cm).[76]

At Central Park in New York, 11.4 inches (29 cm) of snow was recorded, while other parts of the city accumulated as much as 16 inches. Much of Long Island was hit with over 2 feet (61 cm) of snow, with snowfall as high as 33.5 inches (85 cm) being recorded in Medford, in Suffolk County.[77]

Other affected areas

Snowfall accumulation in New England
The snowfall in Billerica, Massachusetts
Snow cover in Providence, Rhode Island
A sidewalk at the bottom of a crudely cut trench through the snow. Some snow on it is melting in the sun.
A sidewalk shoveled after the storm in Walden, New York

The secondary low over Indiana produced light to moderate snowfall that extended to Wisconsin.[29] Totals reached 11.6 in (29 cm) in Muskegon, Michigan.[29] The storm previously dropped 1.5 in (3.8 cm) of snow in Chicago,[51][78] and 8.5 in (22 cm) was reported in Beach Park, Illinois on February 8.[79] Several traffic accidents were reported in Illinois.[49]

Power

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission said the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant in Plymouth, Massachusetts experienced an automatic shutdown at around 9:15 p.m. EST on February 8 after losing off-site power; there was no threat to the public.[80]

The storm caused power outages, shortages at gas stations, and numerous car accidents across the region.[81][82] As of 12:45 a.m. EST on February 9, 321,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts, 191,000 in Rhode Island, and 32,000 in Connecticut.[66] By 10:30 a.m., more than 655,000 customers were without power due to the storm, including 405,000 in Massachusetts and 185,000 in Rhode Island.[82][83] As of the evening of February 9, approximately 575,000 people were without power.[17]

As of the late evening of February 9, 344,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts and 31,000 in Connecticut. About 390,000 remained without power in total in the Northeast.[82][84] In total, utility companies reported about 700,000 customers were without power across nine states.[82][85] As of Sunday evening, there were still about 205,000 customers in Massachusetts without power. Some areas were projected not to have power restored until Thursday February 14.[86]

The Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant lost power again on February 10, after an offsite outage had caused a shutdown on February 8. A spokeswoman for Entergy Corp., the Louisiana company that owns Pilgrim said, "There's no worker or public safety concern," she said. "We're troubleshooting the cause."[86]

On Long Island, upwards of 40,000 people lost power, with downed wires from tree limbs and heavy snows being cited as the primary reason.

Travel

More than 6,300 commercial flights were canceled on February 8 and 9.[87] In the New York City area, John F. Kennedy Airport, LaGuardia Airport and Newark Airport opened 7 a.m. EST on February 9.[76] In Boston, Logan International Airport reopened at 11 p.m. EST on February 9. Also, in Hartford, Bradley International Airport reopened at 6 a.m. EST on February 10.[88] As of Sunday night, Logan Airport had limited service.[86]

Hundreds of cars got stuck on the Long Island Expressway in Suffolk County beginning the afternoon of February 8.[89] On February 10, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. EST, about 26 miles of the Long Island Expressway were closed between exits 57 and 73 for snow removal.[90] The closure was extended till 9 p.m. EST[91] however, it was closed indefinitely as of 10:50 p.m. EST.[92] The westbound side of the Long Island Expressway opened early Monday morning, while the eastbound lanes between exits 57 and 73 remained closed for snow removal.[93] At around 7 a.m. on February 11, both lanes of the Long Island Expressway reopened.[94]

Additional effects

In the afternoon of February 9, a portion of the roof of Smithtown Lanes bowling alley in Smithtown, New York collapsed. There were no injuries as the business was closed at the time.[95] A house in Long Island suffered major structural damage due to heavy snow accumulation on the roof.[96]

The Boston Bruins postponed their afternoon home game on Saturday, February 9 at the TD Garden against the Tampa Bay Lightning to Thursday, April 25.[97] The Mohegan Sun resort casino in Connecticut postponed a Saturday night Bon Jovi concert, but the band played for the snowbound guests.[98]

The United States Postal Service (USPS) suspended mail delivery in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and parts of New York during and after the storm.[85][99][100] Many school districts on Long Island, especially in Suffolk County closed schools for February 11.[101] Boston Public Schools and several other school districts, including Cambridge and Somerville, remained closed on February 11 and 12.[86][102] On February 10, President Obama declared a state of emergency for Connecticut.[103]

United Kingdom

Southern England saw up to half a foot (15 cm) of snow, causing travel disruption right across the region. Flooding also was widespread further North and West, where milder air had caused a thaw, and heavy rain fell, which led to the Met Office issuing many Flood warnings.

Fatalities

Nuns' Island and a frozen Saint Lawrence River after the nor'easter

Canada

Ontario

An 80-year-old woman in Hamilton, and an 80-year-old man in Niagara Falls collapsed and died while shoveling snow.[104][105][105] A 49-year-old Oshawa man was killed in multi-vehicle collision in Pickering.[105] A 57-year-old man from Ottawa died when his car crashed near Prescott.[105]

United States

New England

In Connecticut an 81-year-old woman using a snowblower was hit by a car in Prospect, a man in Bridgeport was found dead under snow at his home, a man died after he suffered a heart attack while plowing snow in New Milford, a man from Shelton died while digging his truck out of the snow, and police in Danbury said a man was found dead on his back porch on February 9.[16][106] In Maine, a 75-year-old man crashed his vehicle into a tree in Passadumkeag, then his pickup ended up in the Penobscot River.[107] In Boston, Massachusetts, a 13-year-old boy and a man died separately due to carbon monoxide poisoning while inside cars because the tailpipes were blocked by snow.[18][108] A man was killed in an automobile accident in Auburn, New Hampshire when his car spun out on a hill and collided with a tree, flattening the front end of his SUV and crushing him.[17]

Mid Atlantic

In New York, a man was plowing his driveway with a tractor on February 8 in Germantown, when the tractor went off the edge of the road and fell on top of him.[17] In Poughkeepsie, a pedestrian was struck by a car and killed.[20] A 58-year-old man in Selden died while clearing snow at his apartment complex.[19] On February 11, three more deaths, all in Northport, New York, were blamed on the storm, bringing the blizzard death toll in Suffolk County to four.[13]

Names

The Weather Channel dubbed the storm "Winter Storm Nemo",[8][109][110][111][112][113] in keeping with a list of names they have given to some winter storms since 2012.[114] Hartford, Connecticut, CBS affiliate WFSB named the storm "Blizzard Charlotte", in keeping with a long-standing station tradition of naming major winter storms affecting Connecticut dating back to the early 1970s.[115][116] The National Weather Service however, has rejected naming winter storms.[117] Other names include the "Blizzard of 2013" (or the "Blizzard of '13") and "Blizzard 2013".[118][119]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Weather Prediction Center was formerly known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center until March 5, 2013

References

  1. 1 2 Allison Monarski (February 9, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 08 for Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: NWS Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Blizzard that buried Maritimes and central Canada blasts into Newfoundland | National News | Estevan Mercury, Estevan, SK
  3. ↑ National Weather Service – Eastern Region Hydrometeorological Event Display
  4. ↑ "Storm Summary Number 09 For Great Lakes And Northeast Major Winter Storm". NWS Weather Prediction Center. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  5. ↑ Clara Moskowitz (February 8, 2013). "Massive snowstorm seen from space in satellite photo". CBS News. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  6. 1 2 Warning as snowstorm Nemo heads for Britain | UK | News | Daily Express
  7. ↑ "Snow Summary - February 7-8, 2013" (PDF). National Weather Service. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  8. 1 2 David Klepper; Bob Salsberg (February 10, 2013). "Boston Blizzard: Northeast Snowed In As 'Nemo' Barrels Through". The Huffington Post. Associated Press.
  9. 1 2 Mount Desert Rock Continuous Winds Data
  10. 1 2 Buzzards Bay, MA Continuous Winds Data
  11. ↑ Jeff Masters (February 9, 2013). "Snow measured in feet, not inches: historic Nor'easter pounds England". Weather Underground. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  12. ↑ Blizzard hammers U.S. Northeast, five dead, 700,000 lose power
  13. 1 2 "Three Northport Men Die While Removing Snow". Northport Patch. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  14. ↑ "At least 4 dead as blizzard moves east from Ontario". CTV news. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  15. ↑ Mike Benischeck (February 8, 2013). "Wind, snowfall intensifying; More than 6 inches so far in Poughkeepsie, Rhineback". Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  16. 1 2 "5 Storm-Related Fatalities Reported". NBC Connecticut. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Clobbered by record-setting blizzard, Northeast begins to dig out". NBC News. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  18. 1 2 "Two die in carbon monoxide poisoning incidents in Boston; police urge caution when digging cars out of snow". The Boston Globe. February 9, 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Man dies clearing snow at Long Island apt. complex". The Wall Street Journal. February 9, 2013.
  20. 1 2 "1 dead, 500,000 without power from ongoing blizzard". CNN. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  21. ↑ Major snowstorm wallops Ontario - Canada - Canoe.ca
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Krekeler, Jason (April 9, 2013). Great Lakes to Northeast Major Winter Storm (PDF) (Report). College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  23. ↑ Pereira, Frank (February 6, 2013). "WPC Winter Weather Archive for products issued 12Z February 6, 2013". College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Cohen, Ariel (February 7, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 120". SPC Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  25. ↑ Kerr, Brynn (February 7, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 122". SPC Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  26. ↑ Broyles, Chris; Edwards, Roger (February 7, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 118". SPC Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  27. ↑ Dial, Greg; Hart, John (February 7, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 119". SPC Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  28. ↑ Kerr, Brynn; Thompson, Richard (February 7, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 121". SPC Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Monarski, Allison (February 8, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 01 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  30. ↑ Kong, Kwan-Yin (February 8, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 02 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  31. ↑ Monarski, Allison (February 8, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 05 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  32. ↑ Kong, Kwan-Yin (February 9, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 06 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Ryan, Sean (February 9, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 07 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  34. ↑ Monarski, Allison (February 10, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 09 For Great Lakes and Northeast Major Winter Storm". College Park, Maryland: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  35. ↑ Institut für Meteorologie (February 13, 2013). "Europe Weather Map Feb 13 2013 0000z". Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
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  37. ↑ Institut für Meteorologie (February 16, 2013). "Europe Weather Map Feb 16 2013 0000z". Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  38. ↑ "Mean Sea Level Pressure Analysis for the Northern Hemisphere – 0000 UTC February 18". National Climatic Data Center. February 18, 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  39. ↑ City issues extreme weather alert ahead of winter storm | CP24.com
  40. ↑ Widespread closures, including some city services, as snow buries region | therecord
  41. ↑ Winter storm: School closures for Feb. 8, 2013 | CP24.com
  42. ↑ Ottawa flights cancelled, delayed because of heavy snow in U.S. | CUPE | Air Canada Component
  43. ↑ Toronto Struggles to Cope with ... Snow – Canada Real Time – WSJ
  44. ↑ Weather Warnings - Environment Canada
  45. ↑ Blizzard bearing down on Atlantic Canada CBC.ca
  46. ↑ Weather Warnings - Queens County P.E.I. weatheroffice.gc.ca
  47. ↑ "National Weather Service Forecast Office – Portland-Gray, Maine". National Weather Service. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  48. ↑ Sullivan, Brian; Jim Polson (February 8, 2013). "Blizzard Cancels U.S. Flights, Threatens Snow in New York". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  49. 1 2 "Winter storm: Snow tapers off here, Northeast braces for blizzard". Chicago Tribune. February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  50. 1 2 "Blizzard Barrels Toward Area". The Wall Street Journal. February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  51. 1 2 3 Scott Malone (February 7, 2013). "New England to bear brunt of powerful blizzard". Reuters. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  52. ↑ Bridget Murphy (February 7, 2013). "Blizzard Nemo update: 2 feet of snow possible". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Declaration of Civil Preparedness Emergency" (PDF). Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  54. ↑ "Malloy Declares State of Emergency As Storm Covers Connecticut". Hartford Courant. Feb 8, 2013.
  55. ↑ "CT Road Closures". CT DEMHS. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  56. ↑ RI gov declares state of emergency for major storm – News – Boston.com
  57. ↑ "RI issues non-essential travel ban on highways". The Boston Globe. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  58. ↑ Nemo prompts Gov. Deval Patrick to declare state of emergency for Massachusetts | masslive.com
  59. ↑ Northeast Blizzard Warnings Posted As Region Braces For Up To Several Feet Of Snow
  60. ↑ MBTA riders juggle schedules to take last-minute rides – Boston.com
  61. ↑ Planes are still flying in and out of Logan, but service was be suspended at 4 p.m. Friday – Boston.com
  62. ↑ "NHL postpones Bruins-Lightning game in Boston due to snow". Sports Illustrated. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  63. ↑ New York State Has Declared A State Of Emergency – Business Insider
  64. ↑ "Maine Gov Declares State of Emergency". Mpbn.net. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  65. ↑ Christie activates N.J. Emergency Operations Center ahead of storm | NJ.com
  66. 1 2 "Mammoth snowstorm knocks out power to more than half a million customers". NBC News. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  67. ↑ Staff Writer (February 6, 2013). "Alberta Clipper + Texas Low = 'significant' snow storm Thursday night into Friday". Bullet News. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  68. ↑ Piffer, Russell (Feb 9, 2013). "Toronto storm cleanup could cost up to $4 million". The Star.
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  71. ↑ Erin McClam; Kari Huus (February 9, 2013). "Mammoth snowstorm knocks out power to more than half a million customers". NBC News. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  72. ↑ Blizzard Flooding Forces Several Evacuations In Salisbury, Quincy « CBS Boston
  73. ↑ "Northeast digs out after deadly blizzard". CNN. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  74. ↑ Weather Station History | Weather Underground
  75. ↑ Andrew Freedman (February 9, 2013). "Blizzard Buries New England, Breaks Snowfall Records". Climate Central. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  76. 1 2 "Slow recovery for Northeast after epic blizzard". USA Today. February 9, 2013.
  77. ↑ "Long Island Snow Totals (UPDATED)". Long Island Press. February 9, 2013.
  78. ↑ Dolce, Chris (February 9, 2013). "Winter Storm Nemo: Snow, Wind, Coastal Flood Reports". The Weather Channel. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  79. ↑ Grom, Korrina (February 8, 2013). "UPDATE: Winter Storm Nemo Leaves up to 9.5 Inches of Snow Across Northern Illinois". Palatine Patch. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  80. ↑ "Mass. nuclear power plant loses power, shuts down during snowstorm; NRC monitoring". The Washington Post. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  81. ↑ "'This is it': Mammoth winter storm lashes Northeast". Usnews.nbcnews.com. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  82. 1 2 3 4 Nate Schweber; Jess Bidgood (February 10, 2013). "Anxiety Grows as Thousands Remain Stranded and in the Dark After Storm". The New York Times.
  83. ↑ Clobbered by record-setting blizzard, Northeast begins to dig out – U.S. News
  84. ↑ "Lights slowly coming back on in Northeast". CFN13. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  85. 1 2 "Blizzard hammers Northeast, nine dead, 700,000 lose power". Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  86. 1 2 3 4 "Live blog: New England blizzard watch February 2013". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  87. ↑ Mutzabaugh, Ben (February 10, 2013). "Blizzard: Airline cancellations soar past 6,600". USA Today.
  88. ↑ Hall, William. "Bradley airport reopens Sunday morning - WFSB 3 Connecticut". Wfsb.com. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
  89. ↑ "Part of Long Island Expressway to be closed Sunday". Associated Press. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  90. ↑ "26-mile stretch of LIE to shut down for snow removal Sunday". WABC TV. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  91. ↑ "UPDATED: LIE Closure Extended Until 9 p.m.". The Patch. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  92. ↑ "LIE closed from exits 57-73". News12. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  93. ↑ "Westbound LIE reopens, eastbound stretch still closed". WABC TV. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  94. ↑ "AAA: Long Island Expressway Should've Stayed Open". CBS New York. February 11, 2013.
  95. ↑ "Smithtown bowling alley roof collapses due to snow". WABC TV. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  96. ↑ "Snapshot From A Storm: Heavy Snow Caves In Home's Roof On Long Island". CBS2 News. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  97. ↑ "Bruins/Lightning Game Postponed". BostonBruins.com. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  98. ↑ "Bon Jovi performs free concert for snowed-in fans". WABC TV. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  99. ↑ "Mail Service Updates: Winter Storm Nemo". United States Postal Service (USPS). February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  100. ↑ "Mail Service Disruption Report - Domestic" (PDF). February 9, 2013.
  101. ↑ "Long Island closings and alerts". Newsday. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  102. ↑ "Boston Public Schools Closed Monday". CBS News. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  103. ↑ "Obama approves emergency declaration for Connecticut". WABC TV. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  104. ↑ "Hamilton woman, 80, dies while shovelling snow". City News Toronto. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  105. 1 2 3 4 "Two die in Ontario while shovelling snow after Friday's massive storm". National Post. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  106. ↑ "After blizzard, Northeast region begins dig-out". York Daily Record. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  107. ↑ "Fatal Storm: Deaths Related To The Northeast Snow". Associated Press. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  108. ↑ "Boy Dies From CO Poisoning In Snowed-In Roxbury Car". WBZ-TV Boston. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  109. ↑ "Winter storm Nemo". The Weather Channel. February 10, 2013.
  110. ↑ Victorial Cavalieri (February 9, 2013). "Massive snowstorm Nemo strikes Northeast; at least 4 dead". Daily News. New York.
  111. ↑ Abby Borovitz (February 9, 2013). "Winter Storm Nemo blasts through East Coast". MSNBC.
  112. ↑ Mark Koba (February 8, 2013). "Are Power Companies Better Prepared for Nemo Than Sandy?". CNBC.
  113. ↑ "Winterstorm Nemo naming". Los Angeles Times. February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  114. ↑ Niziol, Tom (November 11, 2012). "Why The Weather Channel is Naming Winter Storms". Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  115. ↑ The story behind naming winter storms (Video). Hartford, Connecticut: WFSB (Meredith Corporation). 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  116. ↑ Larrañeta, Izakshun E. (2013-02-08). "Call it Nemo or Charlotte, it's still going to snow". The Day. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  117. ↑ Don't Call that Storm 'Nemo'? Twitter Begs to Differ | Time
  118. ↑ "Blizzard of 2013 Brings Another Threat: Coastal Flooding". Climate Central. February 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  119. ↑ Pete Spotts (February 8, 2013). "Snowfall forecast for Blizzard of 2013 just got bigger. What changed?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
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