Frizzled

Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins^[2] that serves as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol.

Species distribution

Frizzled proteins and the genes that encode them have been identified in an array of animals, from sponges to humans.^[3]

Function

Frizzled proteins also play key roles in governing cell polarity, embryonic development, formation of neural synapses, cell proliferation, and many other processes in developing and adult organisms. These processes occur as a result of one of three signaling pathways. These include the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Wnt/calcium pathway, and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway.^[3] Mutations in the human frizzled-4 receptor have been linked to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, a rare disease affecting the retina at the back of the eye, and the vitreous, the clear fluid inside the eye.

The frizzled (fz) locus of Drosophila coordinates the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells, producing a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles.^[4]^[5] In fz mutants, the orientation of individual hairs with respect both to their neighbours and to the organism as a whole is altered. In the wild-type wing, all hairs point towards the distal tip.^[5]

In the developing wing, Fz has 2 functions: it is required for the proximal-distal transmission of an intracellular polarity signal; and it is required for cells to respond to the polarity signal. Fz produces an mRNA that encodes an integral membrane protein with 7 putative transmembrane (TM) domains. This protein should contain both extracellular and cytoplasmic domains, which could function in the transmission and interpretation of polarity information.^[5] This signature is usually found downstream of the Fz domain (InterPro: IPR000024)

Cysteine-rich domain

Frizzled proteins include cysteine-rich domain that is conserved in diverse proteins, including several receptor tyrosine kinases.^[6]^[7]^[8] In Drosophila melanogaster, members of the Frizzled family of tissue-polarity genes encode proteins that appear to function as cell-surface receptors for Wnts. The Frizzled genes belong to the seven transmembrane class of receptors (7TMR) and have in their extracellular region a cysteine-rich domain that has been implicated as the Wnt binding domain. Sequence similarity between the cysteine-rich domain of Frizzled and several receptor tyrosine kinases, which have roles in development, include the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), the neuronal-specific kinase (NSK2), and ROR1 and ROR2. The structure of this domain is known and is composed mainly of alpha helices. This domain contains ten conserved cysteines that form five disulphide bridges.

Group members

The following is a list of the ten known human frizzled receptors:

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

As a drug target

Vantictumab is a monoclonal antibody against five frizzled receptors that is under development for the treatment of cancer.

References

↑ PDB: 1IJY; Dann CE, Hsieh JC, Rattner A, Sharma D, Nathans J, Leahy DJ (July 2001). "Insights into Wnt binding and signalling from the structures of two Frizzled cysteine-rich domains". Nature. 412 (6842): 86–90. doi:10.1038/35083601. PMID 11452312.
↑ Malbon CC (2004). "Frizzleds: new members of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors". Front. Biosci. 9: 1048–58. doi:10.2741/1308. PMID 14977528.
1 2 Huang HC, Klein PS (2004). "The Frizzled family: receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways". Genome Biol. 5 (7): 234. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-7-234. PMC 463283. PMID 15239825.
↑ Adler PN, Vinson C, Park WJ, Conover S, Klein L (1990). "Molecular structure of frizzled, a Drosophila tissue polarity gene". Genetics. 126 (2): 401–16. PMC 1204194. PMID 2174014.
1 2 3 Adler PN, Conover S, Vinson CR (1989). "A Drosophila tissue polarity locus encodes a protein containing seven potential transmembrane domains". Nature. 338 (6212): 263–264. doi:10.1038/338263a0. PMID 2493583.
↑ Nusse R, Xu YK (1998). "The Frizzled CRD domain is conserved in diverse proteins including several receptor tyrosine kinases". Curr. Biol. 8 (12): R405–R406. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70262-3. PMID 9637908.
↑ Saldanha J, Singh J, Mahadevan D (1998). "Identification of a Frizzled-like cysteine rich domain in the extracellular region of developmental receptor tyrosine kinases". Protein Sci. 7 (7): 1632–1635. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070718. PMC 2144063. PMID 9684897.
↑ Hofmann K, Pihlajaniemi T, Bucher P, Rehn M (1998). "The frizzled motif: in how many different protein families does it occur?". Trends Biochem. Sci. 23 (11): 415–417. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01290-0. PMID 9852758.

External links

"Frizzled Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Frizzled receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

Signaling pathway: Wnt signaling pathway

Ligand	WNT1 WNT2 WNT2B WNT3 WNT3A WNT4 WNT5A WNT5B WNT6 WNT7A WNT7B WNT8A WNT8B WNT9A WNT9B WNT10A WNT10B WNT11 WNT16

Receptor	Frizzled LRP5 LRP6

Second messenger	Dishevelled GSK-3 APC Beta-catenin

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