Germaine Ribière

Germaine Ribière (Limoges, Haute-Vienne 1917–1999) was a French Catholic, member of the Résistance, who saved numerous Jews during World War II, and was recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations (July 18, 1967, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel).

The Résistance and the rescuing of Jews

As a student[1][2][3] at the University of Paris,[4] Germaine Ribière[5] reacted against the discrimination against the Jews, noting for example in her diary in May 1941: "Those who should be awake are those who put the others to sleep",[6] then in June 1941: "The Church, the hierarchy, remain silent. They let the truth be profaned".[7] In May 1941, Germaine Ribière was present during the arrest of Jews in the Marais, the old Jewish neighborhood of Paris (also known as the Pletzl).[8]

Deciding that her place was no more in Paris, she went to Vichy, where she got involved in the journal Cahiers du Témoignage Chrétien[9][10] [11][12] and the organisation Amitié Chrétienne.[8][13][14]

During the roundups in the Zone libre, in Haute-Vienne, Creuse and Indre, on August 26 and in September 1942, Germaine Ribière and Pastor Chaudier of Limoges provided hideouts[15] in non-Jewish families[16] for the children of the homes of the OSE[17] of Masgelier and of Chabannes. The physician of that organisation, Gaston Lévy, who called Germaine Ribière, "our heroine of times of distress"[18] testifies:

"It's almost from the very start of our arrival in Limoges that a clear-sighted and efficient help was given to me by Mademoiselle Germaine Ribière in all my activities. Born in Limoges in a deeply religious catholic family, she was at the time when she came to offer me her help at the day nursery, responsible of the JEC (Jeunesse etudiante chrétienne)".[19]
"She was seen with an evangelic spirit, an unselfish love of her neighbour. She suffered visibly from the situation done to us, us Jews. Prior to coming to see me at the day nursery, her revolt against the Hitler–Vichy persecution had already a certain efficiency. She had stayed a certain time next to the internees of the appalling "Center of Housing" of Récébedou."[20][21] and went to the camp of Gurs (Gurs internment camp). Her report on the dreadful circumstances in which the internees vegetated led to the Pastoral letter of Cardinal Jules Saliège of Toulouse, of August 23, 1942, severely condemning the Jewish persecutions. Germaine Ribière, as we shall see later, has done tremendously in this tragic period to save Jewish lives. She remained faithfully at our side in all the rescue actions of children in danger, as she remained to this day a faithful friend of Israel.[22][23]

On August 23, 1942, the O.S.E., the Eclaireurs Israélites de France, the Amitiés Chrétiennes and several other humanitarian organisations, joined the «screening» committee of the 1200 Jews of around Lyon arrested during the roundups of the summer of 1942 and interned in the camp at Vénissieux.[24]

The committee managed to save at once 160 adults, of which 80 are again taken in for questioning the following day, besides 108 children. This tragic event is known under the name of Night of Vénissieux. The O.S.E., the Amitiés Chrétiennes and l' Action catholique of Germaine Ribière refused to give back the children despite the orders given by Vichy to the regional prefect Angéli to not separate the families. They are dispersed with false papers in catholic institutions, under the watch of the O.S.E.[24][25][26]

Germaine Ribière took care to provide false papers to those in need and to supply to Resistance fighters materials to produce them.[27] She was helped in this task by the draftsman Jean Setten-Bernard.[28][29]

The 'Amitié Chrétienne, where Germaine Ribière belonged, was founded in Lyon in 1941, with the goal to help the Jews and other victims subjugated to the decrees of Vichy and the occupier.

On January 27, 1943, that organisation held an emergency meeting in Lyon at the domicile of the Swiss Protestant pastor Roland de Pury, in order to find the way to warn the Jews coming to get false papers that the offices of the Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF), rue Sainte-Catherine were watched by the Gestapo.[30][31]

The solution found was that Germaine Ribière, as soon as the next morning would pass herself off as a cleaning lady cleaning the stairs and would warn these people not to enter the building.[32][33]

Acts of Courage

  • Germaine Ribière intervened to produce a false identity card for Jean-Marie Soutou (1912–2003),[34] great driving force of the catholic résistance (Amitiés Judéo-Chrétiennes), incarcerated at the Montluc prison, at Lyon.[35] The document is passed on to him in a pen, and he succeeded in reaching Switzerland.[36]
  • To accompany a convoy towards the line of demarcation, Germaine Ribière dressed up as a nurse, as is recalled by Gaston Lévy:
«She had succeeded to be let in the train de deportees leaving Nexon[37] as an escort nurse. In accompanying these pauvres gens until the line of demarcation she didn't content herself to be a moral support for them and to give some treatments to those who felt ill in the midst of these tragic convoys, but she brought back from this trip much useful information, indications and addresses that people had given, relative to those, the elderly, children, sick persons, that they were leaving behind. »[38]
  • At Limoges, she succeeded in warning the great majority of Jews at risk of being taken in for questioning. Thus, only a limited number of persons, about 100, instead of the 1200 foreseen were arrested.[39]

The Finaly Affair

Robert and Gérald Finaly, two Jewish children, were hidden during the Occupation by a Catholic network, where Mlle Antoinette Brun was a member.[40] The war over, Mme Brun refused to return to the Finaly family these children who had become orphans, that she had baptized in 1948.[41] This was the beginning of the Finaly Affair [see Jewish orphans controversy (section Finaly Affair)].[42][43] It was only in 1953 that the two brothers were reunited with their family living in Israel.

Germaine Ribière who was trusted both by the Jewish community and by the Catholic Church served as a go-between.[44][45]

Her involvement in the Finaly Affair

Testimonies

Righteous Among the Nations

At the Panthéon, in Paris, on January 18, 2007, on the occasion of the national ceremony in honor of the Righteous of France,[47] the President of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac declared: "What a courage, what a generosity of spirit they needed!". He learns from it a lesson: "You, Righteous of France, you have transmitted to the Nation an essential message, for today and tomorrow: the refusal of indifference, of blindness ." At this same ceremony, Simone Veil, President of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah declared: "The Righteous of France thought simply having gone through History. In reality, they wrote it".[48]

The biographical note published by the Yad Vashem,[49] recalls the life of Germaine Ribière, who received the title of Righteous Among the Nations and concludes: "Ribière was a unique individual - a catholique believer and a French patriot who dedicated all her forces and her talents to the supreme mission to save Jews".

Germaine Ribière's altruism

After observing the roundups of the Jews in Paris, Germaine Ribière notes in her diary:[50] "I ache for them in my whole being, I ache for my Jewish brothers and sisters"., but also declares:[51]"In the presence of hatred I feel an icy chill... Hatred is not the world of God, it is the refusal of God".

Walking, in 1985, in the streets of Paris with Eva Fleischner and seing a little girl aged two, Germaine Ribière asks herself if she is not lost and might be looking for her mother. For Eva Fleischner, this attitude is typical of her character:[52] "She is Germaine Ribière because she notices a little girl who may be lost and in need of her help, in the middle of Paris in 1985, just as the Jews needed help during the war

Gerda Bikales

It took sixty years for Gerda Bikales to discover the identity of the person who had saved her life and the life of her mother.[53]

« For sixty years, I knew nothing about the woman who had saved my life on that cold February morning in 1943. Not her name, not how she came to be there, not what happened to her afterwards.
« At the height of Nazi persecution, my mother and I were Jewish refugees from Germany trying to survive illegally in Lyon, France. Though we tried to be inconspicuous and avoided official premises of any kind, we nevertheless had to appear periodically at the headquarters of the UGIF (Union Générale des Israélites de France) on Rue Ste. Catherine. This was where the "Jewish Council" was located, and where Jews had to report every so often to receive their ration coupons.
« The UGIF was an instrument of the occupying Nazi bureaucracy which appointed such councils in all the occupied territories and forced them to cooperate in rounding up their fellow Jews. At the time, we did not fully grasp the nefarious role of the Council but we always feared potential trouble in a place where only Jews congregated.
« That morning, I accompanied my mother as she went to collect food stamps. I had stopped going to school because people were arrested at all hours, in their homes and on the street, and I was afraid to separate from my mother for even a short time. We had learned to look for signs of danger everywhere, and as we neared our destination, we cased the surroundings. All seemed normal, so we entered the building and started up the flight of stairs. Halfway up we noticed that the woman who was busy cleaning the first-floor landing was waving her hands at us, discreetly signaling us to leave. We didn't ask any questions, just turned around and left.
« Later that day we learned that the Gestapo had taken over the UGIF office that morning, without betraying any hint of their presence. For several hours, they had trapped unsuspecting people as they entered the office. Over ninety people were arrested in that raid, and eighty-four were deported.
« Since that day, I have often wondered about the woman who saved our lives. Was she the janitor, who had observed the Germans enter but not leave? Was she an office worker somewhere in the building? Or maybe a tenant in one of the apartments? One thing I knew for sure. She had risked her life to warn Jews of the danger awaiting them. Had she not been there that morning, I would not be here now to tell the story.
« Many years later, my husband was vaguely talking about retirement when he received an invitation to take a new post in Paris. Without hesitation, we moved to France. I visited Lyon, and found myself in front of 12 Rue Ste. Catherine. The 1943 Gestapo raid that had nearly ensnared me was memorialized with a modest plaque affixed at the building entrance, placed there by the Jewish community of Lyon.
« In Paris, I attended a lecture and book signing by Germaine Ribière, the author of a newly published memoir about the Finaly affair, which had gripped French society for eight years immediately following the war. At the center of the drama was the fate of two young boys, Robert, born in 1941, and Gerald, born in 1942. Their parents, Fritz and Annie Finaly, had sought refuge in France after their native Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany - to little avail. They were deported from Nazi-occupied France in 1944. Before their arrest, the parents had found shelter for their children in a convent, from which they were later transferred to a municipal nursery run by a devout Catholic woman who had them baptized.
« After the war, when it was determined that the boys' parents had been killed in Auschwitz, the Church refused to release the children to their surviving aunt, who lived in Israel. At issue was the assertion by the Vatican that no child baptized in the Catholic Church could be allowed to grow up in a Jewish home. A long and bitter custody battle ensued. The French court's final ruling favored the aunt. Ignoring the verdict, the church had whisked away the children to a convent in Spain. Germaine Ribière played a pivotal role in negotiating their eventual release and their safe return to their Israeli aunt.
« Germaine Ribière was by now very elderly, her voice barely audible. I bought the book and asked her to inscribe it to me, which she graciously agreed to do despite an unsteady hand. I slowly spelled my unusual name for her, and thanked her.
« After some interesting years in Paris, my newly retired husband spent ample time reading a wide range of publications. One day, he called out excitedly, "You won't believe this! - read this!" He handed me a small French periodical, open to the obituary page. It announced the death at an advanced age, of Germaine Ribière, a Catholic Resistance fighter who had rescued many Jews during the Holocaust years. Among her numerous exploits, mention was made of her presence during the UGIF raid in February 1943. Upon espying that the Gestapo had taken over the office in Lyon, she had dressed as a cleaning woman to warn Jews of lurking danger.
« After the war, she resumed her career as a scientist and remained a devout member of her church. But she stayed close to the traumatized Jewish community, becoming its advocate in epic struggles for the custody of Jewish orphans hidden with Catholic families or in Catholic institutions. She had published a book about her role in recovering the Finaly children, who had been hidden in Spain to keep them away from their surviving Jewish relatives.
« So, sixty years later I learned something about my rescuer. Sadly, I also discovered that our paths had crossed, without any awareness on either side of the bond between us.
« Postscript: Coincidences don't always lead to happy endings. They sometimes leave us with deep regrets about what could have happened, but didn't. How satisfying it would have been to thank my rescuer for the gift of life, my own and my mother's! For Germaine, burdened by the infirmities of old age, it would have been a meaningful encounter, so many years later, with a child she had pulled back from the edge of catastrophe.
« Still, I am pleased to know more about this courageous woman. In my travels, I have looked for her name on the Righteous Gentiles memorial at Yad Vashem, in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., and just recently, on the new Wall of the Righteous in Paris. I think of her often, with affection and gratitude. She is no longer a vague, anonymous figure in my mind. Her country and the Jewish community have honored her, and honored themselves by doing so. And I take special pride in my heroine.[54]

Movies on the Finaly Affair

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ See, Élodie Jauneau. Les étudiantes à Paris pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale. Mémoire de maîtrise d'histoire contemporaine sous la direction de Gabrielle Houbre. Université Paris VII-Denis Diderot UFR GHSS. Juin 2002. 242 pages..
  2. ↑ She studied philosophy and joined the "marche de l'étoile", the first great demonstration of the students' resistance, at the place de l'Étoile, on November 11, 1940. See, Jauneau, 2002, p. 178, who quotes the book of Marie Granet, Les jeunes dans la Résistance, avoir 20 ans en 1940. Éditions France-Empire, 1985, p. 190. The thesis of Jauneau describes the life of female college students in Paris during World War II.
  3. ↑ According to Jauneau, p. 178, for this demonstration of November 11, 1941, no official directive was given. From mouth to ear and the diffusion of handouts, the college students and the highschool students were informed. Some female students were dressed in blue, others in white, or also in red. Jauneau quotes on this demonstration the following reference: Raymond Josse, La naissance de la résistance étudiante à Paris et la manifestation du 11 novembre 1940, Revue d'Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, no 45, janvier 1962, pages 1-31.
  4. ↑ She was part of the team of the national executive of the JEC. See, Yagil, 2005, p. 137.
  5. ↑ Germaine Ribière is quoted quasi universally as Germaine Ribière, but certain of her interventions in the last part of her life are signed Germaine Anne Ribière.
  6. ↑ Phayer, 2000, p. 127. "those who should keep watch are the ones to put others to sleep."
  7. ↑ Phayer, 2000, p. 127. "The church, the hierarchy, remain silent. They allow the truth to be profaned.»
  8. 1 2 Phayer, 2000, p. 127.
  9. ↑ Germaine Ribière was a disciple of father Yves de Montcheuil. She joined Father Pierre Chaillet, founder of Témoignage chrétien, becoming one of his three closest collaboratrices. See Yagil, 2005, p. 137.
  10. ↑ Germaine Ribière recounts: " At the Cahiers du Témoignage Chrétien founded and directed by Father Chaillet, I was the one people call the « right arm ». Among other responsibilities, I had the one of the organisation of the social service, which included also the aussi camouflage of the Jewish children. A friend Marcelle Deschamps, a medical student was in charge of the fabrication of false papers. We lived together at 114 rue du Bac, an apartement on the third floor, which served as a GQ for the Cahiers du Témoignage Chrétien. Here is the help we brought to Father Devaux: we supplied him with the false papers that he needed for the children as well as the couriers who were going to bring them where they would be welcomed." See, Céline Marrot-Fellag Ariquet.
  11. ↑ Cardinal Henri de Lubac wrote in 1988, p. 143: "Father Chaillet (a Jesuit) never had in mind to swap his occupation of theologian for a profession of director of clandestine editions. If he came to found the Cahiers du Témoignage chrétien, it was due to the urgency of a situation which put the Christian souls in peril, facing the most pressing high standards of their faith. More generally, it was to hurl a scream which served as a title for Father Fessard (Gaston Fessard) (a Jesuit) for the first "Cahier: France, prends garde de perdre ton âme!".
  12. ↑ As underlined by Curtis, 2002, p. 138: « In mid-1942, the Cahiers du Témoignage Chrétien, a clandestine review, prepared and circulated pamphlets in both zones of France; the most important of them were Antisémites, which was distributed with over 20,000 copies, Silence and Complicity, J'Accuse and Fraternité. » .
  13. ↑ Rohrlich, 1998, p. 7, notes: "For Germaine Ribière, as for other members of the Amitié Chrétienne, the rescue of Jews was a top priority, a patriotic duty, part of their resistance to Nazism.".
  14. ↑ Germaine Ribière remained a laywoman. See, Curtis, 2002, p. 138.
  15. ↑ André Kaspi, 1991, p. 360, notes: "The Italian occupation still stimulates the move towards Switzerland. Networks link up the border with Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, Lyon, Valence, the homes of the OSE, the Amitié chrétienne, the CIMADE and all those who devote the essentiel of their activities to organize the escape, to find "hideaways" as does tirelessly Germaine Ribière."
  16. ↑ Zuccotti, 1999, p. 240, notes that "as Germaine Ribière explains, young Christian rescuers like herself tended to look for hiding places for Jews among those they knew personally". This is according to the testimony by Germaine Ribière given during an interview with the author, on May 24, 1989. See, Zuccotti, p. 353.
  17. ↑ See, OSE-Georges Garel.
  18. ↑ See, "Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E. par le Docteur Gaston Lévy (4)."
  19. ↑ In her Master Thesis of 2002, p. 165, Jauneau notes that the JEC was in fact intended for the male college students, the female college students belonged to the J.E.C.F. (Jeunesse Etudiante Chrétienne Féminine).
  20. ↑ Doctor Gaston Lévy places this camp on the list of the "ordeal camps of the Pyrénées: Rivesaltes, Gurs, Recébédou, Le Vernet". See, Docteur Gaston Lévy. "Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E. en France occupée et en Suisse. 1940-1945".
  21. ↑ According to Betty Saville, general secretary of l'Association des Enfants Cachés, and a hidden child herself, in her speech at the Conférence des Enfants Cachés durant la Dernière Guerre, on May 19, 1999:"After the roundups of August 26, 1942, the camps filled anew. In the zone sud, most of the camps were shut in 1943. Practically all the children of that zone were saved by the different humanitarian organizations aforementioned. One shall note that there was no catholic organisation. The first prelate who became concerned was Monseigneur [Jules-Géraud] Saliège (Jules-Géraud Saliège) [Archbishop and futur cardinal] of Toulouse [He was named posthumously in 2001 Righteous Among the Nations]. For his information, he sent on the spot his right-hand woman, Germaine Ribière, to the camp de Récébedou in May 1942. This explains the late arrival of the Amitiés Chrétiennes in the Camps (June 1942)."
  22. ↑ After reading a document of the Vatican in 1975 on the links between Land and Nation (New Vatican Guidelines and Link between Land and People), Germaine Ribière wrote in Information Juive ( France), in January 1975: "The uneasiness I experienced after reading the document is due to a feeling of having been let down, and this feeling comes from the fact that throughout the whole document there is no mention of the State of Israel. Yet, when one realizes the role played by the State of Israel in the deep religious life of present-day Judaism in so far as the State is the land, the land on which the Torah can be freely lived, one cannot fail to be amazed that ignoring thus the concrete existence of Israel anybody could dare to speak of open and fraternal dialogue with Judaism." See, SIDIC-Rivista SIDIC. Germaine Ribière et Israël.
  23. ↑ See, Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E.(4) par le Docteur Gaston Lévy.
  24. 1 2 See OSE-Georges Garel.
  25. ↑ See, Le Sauvetage des Enfants Cachés durant la Dernière Guerre. Conférence du 19 mai 1999. Lycée Édgar Quinet, 63 rue des Martyrs, 75009 Paris. Voir Intervention de Betty Saville..
  26. ↑ See, Les enfants cachés pendant la seconde guerre mondiale aux sources d'une histoire clandestine. Céline Marrot-Fellag Ariquet..
  27. ↑ She sent the materials to Hélène Durand, a teacher at the Lycée Victor Hugo of Poitiers, who made the false papers with Constance de Saint Seine. See, Les Justes De La Vienne.
  28. ↑ According to Cointet, 1998, p. 246, "The service of false papers is taken care [for the Amitié Chrétienne] by an expert on the subject, also a supplier of the 2nd Bureau and of the BCRA, the draftsman Jean Stetten-Bernard".
  29. ↑ See Yagil, 2005, p. 137.
  30. ↑ .At the offices of the UGIF, see, Docteur Gaston Lévy, Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E. en France occupée et en Suisse. 1940-1945.
  31. ↑ According to Henri de Lubac, 1988, pp. 155–156, note 6: "Soon after the feat by Rovan, the Gestapo settled rue Constantine. It was jour de permanence, and Jews, coming to fetch papers, were going to fall in the trap. Ingenious and prompt, Germaine Ribière dressed up as a cleaning lady and, "equipped with floor clothes", set to wash for hours the stairs of the building: thus she could warn one by one the visitors before the fatal moment.". De Lubac quotes as his source: Renée Bédarida in the collective work La France et la Question juive (F.Q.J.), 1940-1944. Centre de documentation juive contemporaine, Sylvie Messinger, 1981, pp. 135–137. Bédarida and De Lubac are mistaken about the address, see the description of 12 rue Ste-Catherine, headquarters of the UGIF by Bikales, 2008, pp. 194–197, who cites the commorative plaque on the façade of the building, when she returns to the place. On the feat by Rovan, De Lubac cites (pp.145–146) a speech by Jean-Marie Soutou at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, on June 25, 1979: "Joseph Rovan, braving the curfew, at the risk of his life, succeeded to enter the premises of the Amitié chrétienne during the night and recover there the false identity cards and other documents which would have allowed establishing the close connection existing between the Amitié chrétienne and the movements of Résistance. In the morning, the curfew being lifted, he was able to transport everything to a safe place. He was to be deported later at Dachau, where he was the incomparable companion of Edmond Michelet."
  32. ↑ For Lucien Lazare, in 2003: "Women found "feminine" solutions, like Germaine Ribière, of the Amitié chrétienne, at Lyon. Dressed up as a cleaning lady, with a pail and a mop, she was able to warn Jews that the Gestapo had set up a trap.".
  33. ↑ "Germaine Ribière". The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Retrieved August 22, 2010. ..., Ribière would dress up as a cleaning woman and spend the day scrubbing the stairs and other parts of the building. This afforded her an opportunity to warn every Jew who arrived; the operation succeeded beyond all expectations....
  34. ↑ Jean-Marie Soutou was a former collaborateur of Esprit, made available by the suspension of the review in August 1941. Cf. Cointet, 1998, p. 245. He afterwards became a member with Germaine Ribière of the Amitié Chrétienne, a group in Lyon which gathered together, catholics and protestants, a fact out of the ordinary for that era. Cf. Docteur Richard Prasquier, L'Abbé Glasberg - Juste des Nations, in : Remise de la médaille des Justes des nations à l'abbé Alexandre Glasberg par l'Institut Yad Vashem.
  35. ↑ He was three weeks a prisoner at the Montluc prison. Cf. De Lubac, 1988, p. 155, note 5.
  36. ↑ Cf. Docteur Gaston Lévy, Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E. en France occupée et en Suisse. 1940-1945. After the war, Jean-Marie Soutou became French Ambassador and then general secretary of the Ministère des Affaires étrangères.
  37. ↑ A sorting camp, close to Limoges.
  38. ↑ See, Docteur Gaston Lévy, "Souvenirs d'un médecin d'enfants à l'O.S.E. en France occupée et en Suisse. 1940-1945".
  39. ↑ As mentioned by Yagil, 20005, p. 137.
  40. ↑ She hided, by her, nine children during the war, as Catherine Poujol notes in "Les enfants cachés. L'Affaire Finaly (1945–1953)".
  41. ↑ See, Catherine Poujol. Les enfants cachés. L'affaire Finaly (1945–1953).
  42. ↑ In relation to the movie "Une enfance volée: l'affaire Finaly", Madeleine Comte (Lyon) writes: "Germaine Ribière wasn't the docile little young girl of the movie but a woman with a sturdy character, who right away fought for the handing over of the children."
  43. ↑ Voir,Madeleine Comte. A propos du film Une enfance volée: l'affaire Finaly. CDEP (Chrétiens dans l'Enseignement Public).
  44. ↑ Berg, 1992, p. 154 notes: "It's Germaine Ribière, a catholic résistant, who accompanied them, after having forced the hand of the San Sebastian government, before finding Robert and Gérald Finaly who had been separated."
  45. ↑ See, Les enfants cachés. L'affaire Finaly (1945-1953), Catherine Poujol, Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah.
  46. 1 2 "Religion: Lost & Found". Time magazine. July 6, 1953. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  47. ↑ See, Lucien Lazare for une Histoire des Justes. Conférence au Lycée Édgar Quinet, 63, rue des Martyrs 75009 Paris - December 10, 2003. Cercle D'Étude de la Déportation et de la Shoah. Vienne, Résistance, Internement, Déportation. Voir Les Justes de la Vienne, Remise de la médaille des justes des nations à L'Abbé Alexandre Glasberg par l'Institut Yad Vashem. Voir Docteur Richard Prasquier. L'Abbé Glasberg - Juste des Nations.
  48. ↑ See,Cérémonie nationale en l'honneur des Justes de France. Panthéon. Paris, le jeudi 18 janvier 2007. textes des Allocution de Jacques Chirac, Président de la République, et de Simone Veil, Présidente de la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah..
  49. ↑ On the Righteous, see:Les Justes, Les Justes en France 1, Les Justes en France 2,Le Mur des Justes.
  50. ↑ Geras, 1995, p. 27.
  51. ↑ Bemporal, Pawlikowski, Sievers, 2000, p. 206.
  52. ↑ Michalczyk, 1997, p. 153".
  53. ↑ Bikales, 2008, pp. 194–197.
  54. ↑ Germaine Ribière lived a life of faith and action. She was devoted to others, without asking anything in return. Her life was guided by convictions and her call for duty. She never married. Her family was Humanity.
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