Illus
Flavius Illus[1] (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλός) (died 488) was a Byzantine general, who played an important role in the reigns of the Byzantine Emperors Zeno and Basiliscus.
Illus supported the revolt of Basiliscus against Zeno, then switched sides, supporting the return of Zeno (475-476). Illus served Zeno well, defeating the usurper Marcian, but came into conflict with the dowager Empress Verina, and supported the revolt of Leontius, but the rebellion failed and Illus was killed.
Origins
Illus was an Isaurian, but the time and place of his birth are unknown; he had a brother, called Appallius Illus Trocundus. Illus is said to have held various offices under the Emperor Leo I (457—474), and to have been an intimate friend of Zeno, apparently before his accession. John Malalas considered Illus an uncle of Zeno.[2] But we first read of him in Zeno's reign and in hostility to that emperor.
Under Basiliscus
Basiliscus, brother of the empress dowager Verina, the widow of Leo, had expelled Zeno from Constantinople in 475 and sent an army in pursuit of him under Illus and his brother Trocundus into Isauria, where Zeno had taken refuge. The brothers defeated the fugitive emperor (July 476) and blockaded him on a hill ironically named by the locals "Constantinople".[3] Illus also captured Zeno's brother, Longinus, as a tool to keep Zeno under control.[4]
During the blockade, Illus and Trocondus were enjoined by the senate of Constantinople to support Zeno against Basiliscus, with whom they had fallen into odium and contempt; Illus himself was discontent with the usurper, as he had allowed the killing of the Isaurians who remained in the capital after Zeno's flight.[4] So Illus and Trocundus were prevailed on by the promises and gifts of Zeno to embrace his side, and to march with united forces towards the capital. At Nicaea in Bithynia they were met by the troops of Basiliscus under his nephew and general Armatus; but he too was overcome and Basiliscus, forsaken by his supporters, was dethroned and put to death (477).
Against Marcian
Illus was sole consul in 478, and in 479 he was instrumental in crushing the dangerous revolt of Marcian, grandson of the Byzantine emperor of that name, and son of Anthemius, emperor of the West. Marcian had married Leontia, daughter of the late Emperor Leo by Verina, and sister of Ariadne, Zeno's wife. His revolt took place at Constantinople, where he defeated the troops of Zeno with the support of the mob, and besieged him in the palace. For a moment Illus wavered, but his failing courage or fidelity was restored by the assurances of an Egyptian soothsayer whom he patronised. Marcian's forces were corrupted by Illus; and Marcian himself, with his brothers Procopius and Romulus, was taken. The brothers escaped, but Marcian was sent, either to Tarsus in Cilicia, and made a priest in the church there, or to the foot of Papurius, or Papyrius, a stronghold in Isauria, then used as a state prison.
Trocondus, the brother of Illus, was consul 482; and Illus himself enjoyed the dignities of patricius and magister officiorum. He is said to have employed his power and influence well, and to have rendered good service to the state in peace as well as in war. He assiduously cultivated science and literature.
Patronage of Pamprepius and contrast with Verina
It was perhaps his literary predilections that made him the friend and patron of Pamprepius, for whom he obtained a salary from the public revenue, and to whom also he made an allowance from his private resources. Pamprepius was a native of Thebes, or, according to others, of Panopolis in Egypt, an avowed heathen, and eminent as a poet, a grammarian, and especially for his skill in divining the future. Pamprepius was hated both by Zeno and by the dowager empress Verina, and during the absence of Illus, who had gone on some business into Isauria, they banished him on a charge of attempting to divine future events in favour of Illus and against the emperor. Illus, knowing that his intimacy with him had been the real cause of his banishment, received him into his household, and, on his return to the capital, took him with him. The date of these events is doubtful: it is possible that they occurred before Marcian's revolt, though a later date is on the whole more probable.
As the weakness of Zeno's character made him jealous of all persons of influence and talent, it is not surprising that the commanding position and popular favour of Illus rendered him an object of suspicion, and that the emperor in various ways sought to rid himself of him. The ambitious Verina, the dowager empress, was also his enemy and plotted against his life. The assassin, an Alan, employed by her, is said to have wounded Illus. However, this is doubtful, because historians have confounded her plot with a later one by her daughter Ariadne. At any rate Verina's attempt failed. Zeno, equally jealous of her and of Illus, banished her at the instance of the latter, and confined her in the fort of Papurius. There is some doubt about to the time of these events. Candidus places her banishment before the revolt of Marcian, and Theodore Lector attributes its cause to her part in the revolt of Basiliscus. It is not unlikely, indeed, that this turbulent woman was banished twice, once before Marcian's revolt, for her connections with Basiliscus, and again after Marcian's revolt, for her plot against Illus. From prison she managed to get her daughter Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, involved in her favour. Ariadne endeavoured to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the emperor referred her. Illus not only refused her request, but also charged her with wishing to place another person on her husband's throne. This irritated her and she, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to attempt her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed failed to kill Illus, but cut off his ear in the attempt. The assassin was taken, and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution.
Usurpation of Leontius and death of Illus
Illus, with his friend Pamprepius, now retired from court. He went first to Nicaea, and then, on pretence of change of air to cure of his wound, to the East, where he was made general of all the armies with the power of appointing the provincial officers. Marsus, an Isaurian officer of some repute, who had first introduced Pamprepius to Illus, and the patrician Leontius, another well-known officer of Syrian origin, either accompanied him or joined him in the East. Illus's brother Trocondus probably also joined them. Having traversed Asia Minor they raised the standard of revolt in 483 or 484. Illus declared Leontius emperor, defeated the army of Zeno near Antioch, and having drawn over the Isaurians to his party and obtained possession of Papurius, released Verina, and induced her to crown Leontius at Tarsus, and to send a circular letter to the imperial officers at Antioch, in Egypt, and the East by which they were prevailed on to join Illus. This important service did not, however, prevent Illus from sending Verina back to Papurius, where she soon after closed her restless life.
In 485 Zeno sent a fresh army against the rebels, which was said to have consisted of Macedonians and Scythians (Tillemont speculates, not unreasonably, that these were Ostrogoths) under John the Hunchback, or, more probably, John the Scythian, and Theodoric the Amal, who was at this time consul. John defeated the rebels near Seleucia (which town of that name is not clear, perhaps the Isaurian Seleucia) and drove them into the fort of Papurius where he blockaded them. In this difficulty Trocondus attempted to escape and gather forces for their relief, but was taken by the besiegers and put to death. Illus and Leontius were ignorant of his fate, and, encouraged by Pamprepius who gave them assurances of Troconcus's return and of ultimate victory, held out with great tenacity for over three years. In the fourth year the death of Trocondus was discovered, and Illus, enraged at the deceit practised on him by Pamprepius, put him to death. The fort was soon after taken by the treachery of Trocondus's brother-in-law, who had been sent for the purpose from Constantinople by Zeno, and Illus and Leontius were beheaded (488) and their heads sent to the emperor.
Tillemont and Le Beau regard the revolt of Illus as an attempt to re-establish paganism; but for this view there seems no foundation. We do not know that Illus was a pagan, though Pamprepius was one: it is more likely that Illus was a man of no fixed religious principles, and that his revolt originated either in ambition, or in a conviction that his only prospect of safety from the intrigues of his enemies and the suspicions of Zeno was the dethronement of the emperor. It is remarkable that Edward Gibbon does not mention the name of Illus, and scarcely notices his revolt.
Sources
Primary sources
- "Παμπρενιος (Pamprenios)". Suda.
- Joannes Zonaras. Compendium of History.
- Theophanes. Chronographia.
- Evagrius. Historia Ecclesiae.
Secondary sources
- Armory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-521-52635-3.
- Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan.; Whitby, Michael (2000), The Cambridge ancient history 14. Late Antiquity: empire and successors, A.D. 425 - 600, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-32591-9
- Williams, Stephen; Gerard Friell (1999). The Rome that did not fall. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15403-0.
References
- The text of this article is based on Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 1, page 569-570
- ↑ His name is spelled "Ιλλός" or "Ιλλους" in Greek, and "Illus", "Ellus" or "Hyllus" in Latin. "Flavius" by a papyrus. The name "Patricius" is attested only in Victor of Tunes, and is a mistake for his title of Patrician. Full name in Oxyrhynchus Papyri
- ↑ Cambridge University History vol. 14, page 149
- ↑ Sudas, s.v. Ζήνων
- 1 2 Williams, p. 185.
External links
- Giftopoulou, Sofia (2005). "Rebellion of Illοs and Leontios against Zeno, 484-488". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
| Preceded by Post consulatum Basilisci Augusti II et Armati |
Consul of the Roman Empire 478 |
Succeeded by Imp. Caesar Flavius Zeno Augustus III |