James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline

The Right Honourable The Lord Dunfermline PC
Speaker of the House of Commons
In office 19 February 1835 – 1839
Monarch	William IV Victoria
Preceded by	Charles Manners-Sutton
Succeeded by	Charles Shaw-Lefevre
Judge Advocate General
In office 12 May 1827 – 21 January 1828
Monarch	George IV
Prime Minister	George Canning The Viscount Goderich
Preceded by	Sir John Beckett, Bt
Succeeded by	Sir John Beckett, Bt
Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland
In office 1830–1832
Monarch	William IV
Preceded by	Sir Samuel Shepherd
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Master of the Mint
In office 13 June 1834 – 14 November 1834
Monarch	William IV
Prime Minister	The Viscount Melbourne
Preceded by	The Lord Auckland
Succeeded by	Alexander Baring
Personal details
Born	7 November 1776 (1776-11-07)
Died	17 April 1858(1858-04-17) (aged 81) Colinton House, Midlothian
Nationality	British
Political party	Whig
Spouse(s)	Mary Anne Leigh (d. 1874)

James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline PC (7 November 1776 – 17 April 1858), was a British barrister and Whig politician. He served as Speaker of the House of Commons between 1835 and 1839.

Background and education

Abercromby was the third son of General Sir Ralph Abercromby, who fell at the Battle of Alexandria, and Mary, 1st Baroness Abercromby, daughter of John Menzies of Fernton, Perthshire. He was the younger brother of George Abercromby, 2nd Baron Abercromby and Sir John Abercromby and the elder brother of Alexander Abercromby.^[1] He attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and was called to the English Bar, Lincoln's Inn, in 1801. He became a commissioner of bankruptcy and later appointed steward of the Duke of Devonshire's estates.^[2][3]

Legal and political career

Abercromby sat as Whig Member of Parliament for Midhurst between 1807 and 1812^[4] and for Calne between 1812 and 1830.^[5] He brought forwards two motions for bills to change the representation for Edinburgh in parliament. He received great support but no change was made until the Reform Act 1832.^[2] In 1827 he sworn of the Privy Council^[6] and appointed Judge-Advocate-General by George Canning,^[7] a post he held until 1828, the last months under the premiership of Lord Goderich.

In 1830 Abercromby was made Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, a position he retained until 1832, when the office was abolished. He received a pension of £2,000 a year.^[2] In 1832 returned to the House of Commons as one of two members for Edinburgh, whose representation had now been increased from one to two members.^[8] In July 1834 he entered Lord Melbourne's cabinet as Master of the Mint,^[9] but only held the post until November of the same year, when the Whigs lost power.

Abercromby was considered for the speakership of the House of Commons by his party in 1833, but Edward Littleton was eventually chosen instead (he was defeated by Charles Manners-Sutton). However, in 1835 he was chosen as the Whig candidate. Due to an evenly balanced House of Commons the election rendered great interest and was fiercely contested. On 19 February 1835 Abercromby was elected, defeating Manners-Sutton by 316 votes to 306. The Dictionary of National Biography writes that "As speaker Abercromby acted with great impartiality while he possessed sufficient decision to quell any serious tendency to disorder." During his tenure a number of reforms for the introduction of private bills were made.^[2] In spite of failing health Abercromby continued as speaker until 1839.^[2] On his retirement he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dunfermline, of Dunfermline in the County of Fife.^[10][11]

After his retirement Abercromby continued to take an interest in public affairs, specifically those involving the city of Edinburgh. He was one of the originators of the United Industrial School for the support and training of destitute children.^[2] In 1841 he was elected as Dean of Faculty at the University of Glasgow. He also wrote a biography of his father, published posthumously in 1861.^[2]

Family

Lord Dunfermline married Mary Anne, daughter of Egerton Leigh, of West Hall, in High Legh, on 14 June 1802. He died at Collinton House, Midlothian, in April 1858, aged 81, and was buried at Grange cemetery, Edinburgh. He was succeeded in the barony by his son, Sir Ralph Abercromby, KCB, who was Secretary of Legation at Berlin and served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Sardinia between 1840 and 1851 and to The Hague between 1851 and 1858. Lady Dunfermline died in August 1874.^[1]

He was the nephew of Robert Bruce, Lord Kennet.^[12]

References

• Burke, John, History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, vol.iii, London, 1838, p. 1 – 2.
• Anderson, William, The Scottish Nation, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.iv, p. 105.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by James Abercromby
• "Archival material relating to James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline". UK National Archives. 

Speakers of the House of Commons
House of Commons of England	14th century Hungerford De la Mare Pickering Guildesborough Waldegrave Pickering Bussy Cheney Doreward Savage Redford Savage 15th century Esturmy Tiptoft Chaucer Stourton Doreward Hungerford Chaucer Redman Beauchamp Flower Hunt Chaucer Baynard Flower Russell Walton Vernon Tyrell Alington, Sr. Tyrell Russell Hunt Bowes Tyrell Burley W. Tresham Burley W. Tresham Say Popham I W. Tresham Oldhall Thorpe Charlton Wenlock T. Tresham Green Strangeways Say Alington Jr. Wood Catesby Lovell Mordaunt Fitzwilliam Empson Drury Englefield 16th century Dudley Englefield Sheffield Nevill More Audley Wingfield Rich Hare Moyle Baker Dyer Pollard Broke Higham Cordell Gargrave T. Williams Onslow Wray Bell Popham II Puckering Snagge Coke Yelverton 17th century Croke Phelips R. Crewe Richardson T. Crewe H. Finch J. Finch Glanville Lenthall Pelham Lenthall Rous (Barebones Parliament) Lenthall Widdrington (2nd Protectorate Parliament) Chute, Long & Bampfield (3rd Protectorate Parliament) Lenthall Grimston Turnour Charlton Seymour Sawyer Seymour Gregory W. Williams Trevor Powle Trevor Foley Littleton 18th century Harley Smith
House of Commons of Great Britain	18th century Smith R. Onslow Bromley Hanmer Compton A. Onslow Cust Norton Cornwall Grenville Addington
House of Commons of the United Kingdom	19th century Addington Mitford Abbot Manners-Sutton Abercromby Shaw-Lefevre Denison Brand Peel Gully 20th century Lowther Whitley FitzRoy Brown Morrison Hylton-Foster King Lloyd Thomas Weatherill Boothroyd 21st century Martin Bercow