Marģers Skujenieks

Marģers Skujenieks
Prime Minister of Latvia
In office 19 December 1926 – 23 January 1928
President	Jānis Čakste Gustavs Zemgals
Preceded by	Arturs Alberings
Succeeded by	Pēteris Juraševskis
In office 6 December 1931 – 23 March 1933
President	Alberts Kviesis
Preceded by	Kārlis Ulmanis
Succeeded by	Ādolfs Bļodnieks
Latvian Minister of Finance
In office 21 February 1932 – 23 March 1933
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Gustavs Zemgals
Succeeded by	Jānis Annuss
Personal details
Born	(1886-06-22)22 June 1886 Rīga, Latvia (part of the Russian Empire)
Died	12 July 1941(1941-07-12) (aged 55) Moscow, Soviet Union
Nationality	Latvian
Political party	Union of Social Democrats – Mensheviks and Rural Workers
Other political affiliations	Progressive Union (Latvia)
Profession	Politician, Statistician

Marģers Skujenieks (born 22 June 1886, Riga – executed July 12, 1941, Moscow) held the office of Prime Minister of Latvia twice from 19 December 1926 – 23 January 1928 and 6 December 1931 – 23 March 1933.^[1]

Early life

Marģers Skujenieks was born in a family of Vensku Edvarts (real name Eduards Skujenieks) a notable publicist and a poet, and Luīze Skujeniece (daughter of Juris Alunāns), the first female Latvian theatre critic. His sister was actress and poet Biruta Skujeniece. After studies in Jelgava and Rīga he studied economics in the Moscow Commerce institute.

Marģers became a Social Democrat in 1903, but he never supported the concept of international class struggle, where nationality would be on no importance. Instead, he was one of the early proponents of Latvian national unity. After suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution he was forced to emigrate to London in 1906, but in 1907 was allowed to returned to Russian Empire and went on to study economics at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In 1911 he proposed political autonomy for the Baltic provinces and had to flee in exile once again. In 1913 in St.Petersburg he published book Nacionālais jautājums Latvijā (The national question in Latvia) in defense of Latvian national rights. By 1914 he had became opponent of Bolsheviks led by Lenin. During the World War I he worked in the Latvian war refugee aid committee and in 1917 was elected to the Council of Vidzeme Landless peasants.

Latvian politics

Skujenieks' political career began as one of the leading Social Democratic members of the Democratic bloc, and as such he was included in the Tautas padome and co-chaired the meeting which declared the independence of Latvia on November 18, 1918. In 1919 he went to the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for the international recognition of Latvia.

From 1919 until 1940 he led the State Statistics department, leaving this post only for the duration of ministerial or prime ministerial duties. In April 1920 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia. He participated in creating the Constitution of Latvia. In 1921 Skujenieks and a group of MPs broke away from the mainstream Social Democrat party and established his own faction, which then joined the ruling coalition. In 1922 he was elected to the 1st Saeima. He was MP until the 1934 Latvian coup d'état as the leader of Union of Social Democrats – Mensheviks and Rural Workers, and eventually moved more to the right as the leader of the Progressive Union.

On 19 December 1926 he succeeded the Prime Minister Arturs Alberings as the first social democratic prime minister and remained in the post until January 23, 1928 also filling the post of Minister of Interior from December 19, 1926 until January 23, 1928. On February 5, 1927 a customs union with Estonia was signed. During his tenure, a 5-year trade agreement with the Soviet Union was signed on June 2, 1927. This created domestic political controversy which eventually led to Skujenieks' resignation.

After the elections of October 1931, he succeeded Kārlis Ulmanis on December 6, 1931 as the Prime Minister. Skujenieks led a coalition government which held office until 23 March 1933. Due to instability of his coalition, Skujenieks also held the post of Finance Minister (February 21, 1932 - March 23, 1933) and Interior Minister (December 6, 1931 - March 20, 1932). On 5 February 1932, non-aggression treaty with Soviet Union was signed.

This was the time of the Great Depression, when parliamentary democracy was losing support in much of Europe. Skujenieks, by this time more nationalistic and critical of Saeima, allegedly was involved in a coup plot by social democrat Fēlikss Cielēns, his good friend, general Jānis Balodis and some leading officers, who intended to stage a coup and then give the power to Skujenieks.^[2] Between 1931 and 1934 his party published newspaper Latviešu balss (The voice of Latvians).

Later life

After the May 15, 1934 Latvian coup d'état by Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis, Skujenieks served as mostly ceremonial Deputy Prime Minister until June 16, 1938. He was also Chairman of the Sports Association as well as President of the Latvian Olympic Committee. He also headed the National building commission, which planned the monumental buildings of the new regime. Skujenieks resigned from the government after Ulmanis did not fulfill his promises of Constitutional reforms and continued strengthening a one-man authoritarian regime. For the last few years of independence he continued heading the State Statistics department.^[3]

After the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, he was arrested in July or August 1940, sent to Moscow for interrogations and shot on July 12, 1941.^[4]

References