Sergei Magnitsky

Sergei Magnitsky
Born Sergei Leonidovich Magnitsky
(1972-04-08)April 8, 1972
Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Ukraine)
Died November 16, 2009(2009-11-16) (aged 37)
Matrosskaya Tishina, Moscow, Russia
Occupation lawyer, auditor

Sergei Leonidovich Magnitsky (Russian: Серге́й Леони́дович Магни́тский; 8 April 1972 – 16 November 2009) was a Russian lawyer and auditor whose arrest and subsequent death in custody generated international media attention and triggered both official and unofficial inquiries into allegations of fraud, theft and human rights violations.[1][2]

Magnitsky had alleged there had been a large-scale theft from the Russian state sanctioned and carried out by Russian officials. He was arrested and eventually died in prison seven days before the expiration of the one-year term during which he could be legally held without trial.[3] In total, Magnitsky served 358 days in Moscow's Butyrka prison. He developed gall stones, pancreatitis and a blocked gall bladder and received inadequate medical care. A human rights council set up by the Kremlin found that he was physically assaulted shortly before his death.[4][5] His case has become an international cause célèbre[6] and led to the adoption of the Magnitsky bill by the US government at the end of 2012 by which those Russian officials believed to be involved in the auditor’s death were barred from entering the United States or using its banking system. In response, Russia blocked hundreds of foreign adoptions.[7]

In early January 2013, the Financial Times editorialised that "the Magnitsky case is egregious, well documented and encapsulates the darker side of Putinism"[8] and endorsed the idea of imposing similar sanctions against the implicated Russian officials by the EU countries.[8]

In 2012, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, a Sarajevo-based network of investigative centers, successfully traced some of the missing funds to a company owned by Denis Katsyv, the son of Petr Katsyv, the wealthy and powerful former minister of transportation in the Moscow region.[9] The money had gone into a real estate firm that was buying luxury Wall Street apartments. The US Department of Justice filed a seizure order to recover the apartments in Sept. 2013.[10]

In 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit news organization, obtained records of companies and trusts created by two offshore companies which included information on at least 23 companies linked to an alleged $230 million tax fraud in Russia, a case that was being investigated by Sergei Magnitsky. The ICIJ investigation also revealed that the husband of one of the Russian tax officials deposited millions in a Swiss bank account set up by one of the offshore companies.[7]

Background

Magnitsky was an auditor at the Moscow law firm Firestone Duncan.[11] He represented the investment advisory firm Hermitage Capital Management, which had been accused of tax evasion and tax fraud by the Russian Interior Ministry.[12] He was a specialist in civil law.

Over the years of its operation, Hermitage had on a number of occasions supplied to the press information related to corporate and governmental misconduct and corruption within state-owned Russian enterprises.[13] Hermitage's company co-founder Bill Browder was soon expelled from Russia as a national threat. Browder himself has indicated that he represented only a threat "to corrupt politicians and bureaucrats" in Russia, believing that the ouster was conducted to leave his company open for exploitation.[1] In November 2005, Browder arrived in Moscow to be told his visa had been annulled. He was deported the next day and has not seen his Moscow home for 10 years.[6]

On June 4, 2007, Hermitage's Moscow office was raided by about 20 Ministry of Interior officers. The offices of Firestone Duncan were also raided. The officers had a search warrant alleging that Kamaya, a company administered by Hermitage, had underpaid its taxes. This was highly irregular as the Russian tax authorities had just confirmed in writing that this company had overpaid its tax. In both cases, the search warrants permitted the seizure of materials related only to Kamaya. However, in both cases the officers illegally seized all the corporate, tax documents and seals for any company which had paid a large amount of Russian tax including documents and seals for many of Hermitage's Russian companies.[14] In October 2007, Browder received word that one of the firms maintained in Moscow had a judgement against it for an alleged unpaid debt of hundreds of millions of dollars. According to Browder, this was the first he had heard of this court case and he did not know the lawyers who represented his company in court.[6] Magnitsky was given the assignment of investigating what had happened.

Exposing the scandal

In his investigation Firestone Duncan auditor Magnitsky came to believe that the police had given the materials taken during the police raids to organized criminals who then used them to take over three of Hermitage's Russian companies and who then fraudulently reclaimed $230m (£140m) of the taxes previously paid by Hermitage.[3][15] He also claimed police had accused Hermitage of tax evasion solely to justify the police raids so they could take the materials needed to hijack the Hermitage companies and effect the tax refund fraud. Magnitsky's testimony implicated police, the judiciary, tax officials, bankers, and the Russian mafia.[3] In spite of the initial dismissal of his claims, Magnitsky's core allegation that Hermitage had not committed fraud—but had been victimized by it—would eventually be validated when a sawmill foreman pleaded guilty in the matter to "fraud by prior collusion", though the foreman would maintain that police were not part of the plan.[15] Before then, however, Magnitsky had himself been brought under investigation by one of the policemen he had testified was involved in the fraud. According to Browder, Sergei was "the 'go-to guy' in Moscow on courts, taxes, fines, anything to do with civil law."[6]

According to Magnitsky's investigation, the documents that had been taken by the Russian police in June 2007 were used to forge a change in ownership.[6] The thieves then used forged contracts to claim Hermitage owed $1 billion to shell companies. Unbeknown to Hermitage, those claims were later authenticated by judges. In every instance, lawyers hired by the thieves to represent Hermitage (unbeknown to Hermitage) pleaded guilty on the company's behalf and agreed to the claims, thereby obtaining judgements for debts that did not exist; all while Hermitage was unaware of these court proceedings.[6]

The new owner, based in Tatarstan, turned out to be Viktor Markelov, a convicted murderer released just two years into his sentence.[6] The company's fake debt was used to make the companies look unprofitable in order to justify a refund of $230 million in tax that the companies had paid when they had been under Hermitage's control. The refund was issued Christmas Eve of 2007. It became the largest tax rebate in Russian history.[6] Hermitage contacted the Russian government with the investigation's findings. The money, which was not Hermitage's, belonged to the Russian people. Rather than opening a case against the police and the thieves, the Russian authorities opened a criminal case against Magnitsky.[6]

Death in custody

Magnitsky's grave

Magnitsky was arrested and imprisoned at the Butyrka prison in Moscow in November 2008 after being accused of colluding with Hermitage.[3] Held for 11 months without trial,[3] he was, as reported by The Telegraph, "denied visits from his family" and "forced into increasingly squalid cells."[15] He developed gall stones, pancreatitis and calculous cholecystitis, for which he was given inadequate medical treatment during his incarceration.[3] Surgery was ordered in June, but never performed; detention center chief Ivan P. Prokopenko later indicated that he "...did not consider Magnitsky sick... Prisoners often try to pass themselves off as sick, in order to get better conditions."[16]

On 16 November, eight days before he would have had to have been released if he were not brought to trial, Magnitsky died for reasons attributed first by prison officials as a "rupture to the abdominal membrane" and later to a heart attack.[3] It later emerged that Magnitsky had complained of worsening stomach pain for five days prior to his death and that by the 15th was vomiting every three hours, with a visibly swollen stomach.[16] On the day of his death, the prison physician, believing he had a chronic disease, sent him by ambulance to and later transferred to Matrosskaya Tishina prison's medical unit equipped to help him,[17] but the surgeon there — who described Magnitsky as "agitated, trying to hide behind a bag and saying people were trying to kill him" — prescribed only a painkiller, leaving him for psychiatric evaluation.[16] He was found dead in his cell a little over two hours later. According to Ludmila Alekseeva, leader of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Magnitsky had died from being beaten and tortured by several officers of the Russian Ministry of Interior.[18] The official death certificate stated "closed cerebral cranial injury" as the cause of death (in addition to the other conditions mentioned above) and the post-mortem examination showed numerous bruises and wounds on legs and hands. Another post-mortem from 2011 summarized the death as being caused by "traumatic application of the blunt hard object (objects)" as confirmed by "abrasions, ecchymomas, blood effusions into the soft tissues".[19]

Journalist Owen Matthews described his suffering in Moscow's Butyrka prison.

According to [Magnitsky's] heartbreaking prison diary, investigators repeatedly tried to persuade him to give testimony against Hermitage and drop the accusations against the police and tax authorities. When Magnitsky refused, he was moved to more and more horrible sections of the prison, and ultimately denied the medical treatment which could have saved his life.[20]

Aftermath and official investigations

According to Russian news agency RIA Novosti, Magnitsky's death "caused public outrage and sparked discussion of the need to improve prison healthcare and to reduce the number of inmates awaiting trial in detention prisons."[21]

An independent investigatory body, the Moscow Public Oversight Commission, indicated in December 2009 that "psychological and physical pressure was exerted upon" Magnitsky.[17] One of the Commissioners said that while she had first believed his death was due to medical negligence, she had developed "the frightening feeling that it was not negligence but that it was, to some extent, as terrible as it is to say, a premeditated murder."[16]

An official investigation was ordered in November 2009 by Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.[22] Russian authorities had not concluded their own investigation as of December 2009, but 20 senior prison officials had already been fired as a result of the case.[17] In December 2009, in two separate decrees, Medvedev fired deputy head of the Federal Penitentiary Service Alexander Piskunov and signed a law forbidding the jailing of individuals who are suspected of tax crimes.[23] Magnitsky's death is also believed to be linked to the firing of Major-General Anatoli Mikhalkin, formerly the head of the Moscow division of the tax crimes department of the Interior Ministry.[24] Mikhalkin was among those accused by Magnitsky of taking part in fraud.

Wikinews has related news: Russian police to 'check' officer allegedly involved in large theft and murder

Opalesque TV released a video on 8 February 2010, in which Hermitage Capital Management founder Bill Browder revealed details of Sergei Magnitsky's ordeal during his 11 months in detention.[25] On 25 June 2010 radio-station Echo of Moscow announced that Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs Department for Own Security started investigations against Lieutenant Colonel Artyom Kuznetsov, who has been accused of improper imprisonment of Magnitsky. The investigation was in response to appeal by the Hermitage Capital Management and United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[26] In February 2011, the investigation, which had not yet identified any suspects, was extended to May.[27]

In November 2010, Magnitsky was given a posthumous award from Transparency International for integrity. Magnitsky, according to the awards committee, "believed in the rule of law and died for his belief."[6] A film produced to highlight Magnitsky's persecution has been shown to the American Congress and British, Canadian, German, Polish, and the European parliaments.[6]

In July 2011, Russia’s Investigate Committee initially acknowledged that Magnitsky died because prison authorities restricted medical care for him.[28] Russian authorities also opened criminal cases against the two doctors who treated him; Dr. Dmitri Kratov, the chief medical officer at Butyrskaya Prison, and Dr. Larisa Litvinova who managed Magnitsky's treatment towards the end. Dr. Kratov was demoted soon after Magnitsky's death and was charged with involuntary manslaughter from negligence and is facing five years in prison. Dr. Litvinova may receive up to three years in prison if convicted of causing death through professional negligence.[29] An independent prison watchdog commission reported that the prison doctors were pressured by investigators to deny treatment and Dr. Litvinova disclosed to the Public Oversight Commission that she was trying to get approval for Magnitsky’s treatment. However, investigators looking into the death of Magnitsky cleared Oleg F. Silchenko, who oversaw the investigation of Magnitsky, of any wrongdoing. Charges of professional negligence against Dr. Litvinova were dropped due to the statute of limitations issues.[30] On December 23, 2012, as the trial neared its end, the prosecutor conducting the trial against Dr. Kratov suddenly reversed course and sought acquittal, citing no direct connection between the Kratov's actions and Magnitsky's death.[31] On 28 December 2012, a Tverskoy court found Kratov not guilty of negligence causing Magnitsky's death,[32] thus complying with the prosecution's request.[33]

In 2012 Pavel Karpov, former Russian Interior Ministry officer accused by Magnitsky and Browder of being the main beneficiary of the tax fraud filed a libel suit in London. He lost it eventually and was ordered to pay over £800'000 to Hermitage Capital Management and, in 2016, additionally fined for "contempt of court".[34]

In February 2012, the Russian police announced their intention to resubmit charges of tax evasion against Magnitsky for a second trial. As pointed out in the press, this was be the first posthumous trial in Russia. William F. Browder, who lives in London, was a co-defendant tried in absentia.[35] On 11 July 2013, a court in Moscow found Magnitsky guilty of tax evasion in the posthumous trial. The court also found Magnitsky's onetime client, the US-born British investor William Browder, guilty of evading some $17 million in taxes.[36]

In 2016 a large criminal investigation was completed in Russia where a number of public officers from tax, security and customs agencies were involved in large scale VAT carousel fraud schemes, very similar to the one that was used in the fraud against Hermitage Capital, and with same high-rank officers providing krysha in both cases. A few low-rank officers were convicted in the case, none of mid- or high-rank officers were even indicted in spite of total losses of the budget exceeding 20 billion roubel.[37] Since worsening of the relations with the European Union after 2014 the version officially promoted in Russia is that Bill Browder's Hermitage Capital were responsible for tax fraud and Magnitsky died as result of his conspiracy with involvement of Alexey Navalny, which was highlighted in a 2016 "investigative" film by Andrei Nekrasov. Both Magnitsky's wife and mother, whose manipulated citations were used in the film, wrote a protest letter criticizing the film for bias and manipulations.[19][38]

Increasing international tension

See also: Magnitsky Act

In late 2010, international attention to the matter intensified, with the European Parliament calling for 60 officials believed to be connected to Magnitsky's death to be banned from entering the European Union and the Parliament of Canada resolving to deny visas to and freeze the Canadian assets of allegedly involved officials.[39] The EU Parliament has also urged members to freeze assets of officials, while similar measures are under consideration in the United States.[40][41] In October 2010, US Senator John S. McCain co-sponsored the Justice for Sergei Magnitsky Act, which would forbid entry to the US to 60 individuals named in court documents related to the Magnitsky case. McCain says the law will help to "identify those responsible for the death of this Russian patriot, to make their names famous for the whole world to know, and then to hold them accountable for their crimes."[42] The law is considered analogous to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 in the precedent it hopes to create.[43] In July 2011, the US stated that dozens of Russian officials were barred from entering the United States due to their involvement in the death of Magnitsky.[44]

The Russian Foreign Ministry described the Canadian resolution as "an attempt to pressure the investigators and interfere in the internal affairs of another state",[45] while in a November statement the head of the lower house's international committee Konstantin Kosachyov criticized the European Parliament's conclusions, indicating that sanctions violated the "presumption of innocence" principle and should wait the resolution of the Russian court.[46] Bloomberg reported in December that, according to an Interfax story, "identical measures" would be taken by Russia if a European Union ban was put into place.[41] In mid-December, the European Parliament passed the resolution allowing the officials to be banned by member states and their assets to be seized.[47]

In January 2011, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, Juan E. Méndez, opened an investigation into Magnitsky's treatment and death.[48]

In June 2012, the United States House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee passed the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405.[49] A bipartisan bill, it imposes "visa and banking restrictions on Russian officials implicated in human rights abuses". The legislation was to be taken up by a Senate panel the next week.[50] In July 2012, Vladimir Putin said that he was concerned about this bill.[51]

In November 2012 in the United States, similar provisions were attached to a House bill normalizing trade with Russia.[52] On 6 December 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law.[53]

Similar acts are being considered in the UK parliament[54] and Irish Dáil.[55]

In December 2012, the Russian parliament passed a bill[56] which was widely regarded by mass media, including Russia's media,[57] as retaliation for the Magnitsky bill. Russia's bill signed into law by Putin on December 28, 2012,[58] banned, inter alia, Americans from adopting Russian children.

In the 2013 meetings of the World Economic Forum, the issue surfaced at the highest level, with Reuters reporting that before Medvedev gave his opening speech, some 78 percent of respondents voting in an audience packed with hundreds of Western executives and politicians agreed that Russia's biggest problem was weak government and corporate governance.[59]

On 1 October 2015, Sergei Magnitsky was posthumously awarded 'Honourable Mention' at the Allard Prize for International Integrity ceremony. The Magnitsky family attended the ceremony and responded, "Sergei would have been so proud and humbled by this nomination. He always strived to live his life in the best possible way, with honesty and integrity. Six years after his untimely and heartbreaking death, it is awards such as this that keep Sergei’s memory alive. Being nominated for the Allard Prize gives his whole family a huge sense of pride and once again asserts that his life was not sacrificed in vain. Our whole family is immensely grateful for the attention this award will give to the global Magnitsky justice campaign which emerged from our tragedy."[60]

References

  1. 1 2 "Russia 'is now a criminal state', says Bill Browder". BBC. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  2. ↑ Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: How I Became Putin's No. 1 Enemy. Transworld Digital. ISBN 978-0593072950.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aldrick, Philip (November 19, 2009). "Russia refuses autopsy for anti-corruption lawyer". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  4. ↑ Kathy Lally (January 20, 2011). "UN-appointed Human Rights Experts to Probe Death of Russian Lawyer Magnitsky". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  5. ↑ Walker, Shaun (19 March 2013). Kremlin drops its inquiry into whistleblower death "Russia drops inquiry into death of Sergei Magnitsky" Check |url= value (help). Moscow. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Dying in Agony: His Reward for Solving a $230 Million Fraud". The Sunday Times. November 14, 2010.
  7. 1 2 Higham, Scott; Hudson, Michael; Guevara, Marina Walker (6 April 2013). "Piercing the secrecy of offshore tax havens". Washington Post.
  8. 1 2 "A Magnitsky law for Europe". The Financial Times. January 3, 2013 (paper edition). Retrieved 5 January 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help) p. 8.
  9. ↑ "Following the Magnitsky Money". The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project . August 5, 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  10. ↑ "US Authorities Look to Seize Magnitsky Linked Assets". The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project . Sep 11, 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Eke, Steven (November 18, 2009). "Row over Russian lawyer jail death". BBC. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  13. ↑ Levy, Clifford J. (July 24, 2008). "An Investment Gets Trapped in Kremlin's Vise". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  14. ↑ Margarette Driscoll (November 14, 2010). "Dying in agony: his reward for solving a $230 million fraud". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 Aldrick, Philip (21 January 2011). "Who was Sergei Magnitsky?". The Telegraph.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Barry, Ellen (December 28, 2009). "Scathing Report Issued on Russian Lawyer's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  17. 1 2 3 Milmo, Cahal (14 January 2014). "Sergei Magnitsky - the final insult: Russia continues to 'desecrate the memory' of the whistleblower lawyer". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  18. ↑ Letter from Alekseeva to Russian Prosecutor's Office
  19. 1 2 "Lies of Nekrasov-Piraya anti-Magnitsky "Documentary"" (PDF).
  20. ↑ Owen Matthews (January 9, 2010). "There's something rotten in the state of Russia". The Spectator.
  21. ↑ "RIA Novosti's choice: the ten major political events of 2009". RIA Novosti. January 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  22. ↑ "Medvedev orders investigation of Magnitsky jail death". BBC. November 24, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Russia Bans Jailing of Tax Offenders Following Lawyer's Death". Wall Street Journal. December 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  24. ↑ Mortished, Carl (December 16, 2009). "Kremlin sacking linked to Sergei Magnitsky case". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  25. ↑ "Opalesque BACKSTAGE Video - Bill Browder: Sergey Magnitsky case reveals Russia's ugliest face". February 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
  26. ↑ "Департамент собственной безопасности МВД проводит проверку в отношении подполковника милиции Артема Кузнецова, который отдал приказ об аресте юриста Сергея Магницкого.". Echo of Moscow. 25 June 2010.
  27. ↑ "Russian Investigation into Magnitsky's Death Extended to Mid-May". RIA Novosti. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  28. ↑ Barry, Ellen (July 4, 2011). "Poor Medical Care Led to Lawyer Magnitsky's Death, Russia Admits". The New York Times.
  29. ↑ Barry, Ellen (July 18, 2011). "Prison Doctors Charged in Russian Lawyer Magnitsky's Death". The New York Times.
  30. ↑ Michael Schwirtz (April 8, 2012). "In Russia, Charges Are Dropped in Jail Death". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  31. ↑ David M. Herszenhorn (December 24, 2012). "Russian Prosecutor Seeks Acquittal in Lawyer's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  32. ↑ "OFFICIAL ACQUITTED IN MAGNITSKY'S JAIL DEATH CASE". AP. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  33. ↑ Суд оправдал единственного обвиняемого в смерти Магнитского NEWSru, Dec 28, 2012.
  34. ↑ "Law and Order in Russia". lawandorderinrussia.org. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  35. ↑ KRAMER, Andrew (February 7, 2012). "Russia Plans to Retry Dead Lawyer in Tax Case". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  36. ↑ "DEAD RUSSIAN LAWYER MAGNITSKY FOUND GUILTY". AP. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "Наперсники отката". Новая Газета. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  38. ↑ Orlova, Karina (2016-06-14). "Russia's Big Lie". The American Interest. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  39. ↑ "Russia condemns Canadian sanctions over Magnitsky case". RIA Novosti. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  40. ↑ Charlton, Angela (16 December 2010). "EU backs freeze on Russian assets for prison death". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  41. 1 2 Meyer, Henry; Jonathan Stearns (16 December 2010). "EU Parliament Urges Visa Ban Over Russia Lawyer Death". Bloomberg. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  42. ↑ Matthews, Owen (October 25, 2010). "Breaking the Law; Why Russia fetes its criminals". Newsweek. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  43. ↑ Matthews, Owen (December 4, 2010). "Crackdown on Kleptocrats". The Spectator.
  44. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (July 26, 2011). "U.S. Bars Russian Officials Linked to 2009 Magnitsky Death". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ Lally, Kathy (15 December 2010). "Legal proceedings test whether Russia will move closer to West". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  46. ↑ "Russian lawmaker lambastes European Parliament". RIA Novosta. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  47. ↑ Osborn, Andrew (16 December 2010). "Sergei MagnitskyL European Parliament Recommends Tough Sanctions on Russian Officials". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  48. ↑ Aldrick, Philip (21 January 2011). "UN Opens Investigation into Magnitsky's Torture Claims". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  49. ↑ "Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee", committee press release, June 07, 2012.
  50. ↑ Baker, Peter, "Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia", The New York Times, June 13, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
  51. ↑ "Putin Worried Over Europe and 'Anti-Russian' US Plans." RIA Novosti, 9 July 2012.
  52. ↑ Jeremy W. Peters (November 16, 2012). "House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
  53. ↑ Kathy Lally and Will Englund (6 December 2012). "Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  54. ↑ "Ballets Russes". The Economist. December 15, 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  55. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (April 25, 2013). "Russia Using Adoption Leverage in Ireland". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  56. ↑ Lyakhov, Korotun, Alexei, Lada. "Russian-senators back Dima Yakovlev bill". Voice of Russia. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  57. ↑ Об ответе на «акт Магнитского» Kommersant, Dec 20, 2012.
  58. ↑ HEINTZ, JIM (28 December 2012). "Putin signs anti-US adoptions bill". Associated Press.
  59. ↑ "Russian tycoons concerned as Magnitsky fallout spreads". Reuters. January 25, 2013.
  60. ↑ Allard Prize for International Integrity http://www.allardprize.org/sergei-magnitsky-allard-prize-finalist. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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