Old Town of Lijiang

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Town of Lijiang
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iv, v
Reference 811
UNESCO region Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 1997 (21st Session)

The Old Town of Lijiang (simplified Chinese: 丽江古城; traditional Chinese: 麗江古城; pinyin: Lìjiāng Gǔchéng) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Lijiang City, Yunnan, China.

History

Shops along the street with Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in the background

The town has a history going back more than 1,000 years and was once a confluence for trade along the "Old Tea Horse Caravan Trail". The Dayan Old town is famous for its orderly system of waterways and bridges, a system fast becoming but a memory as the underground water table drops, probably due to over-building in the suburban areas.

Lijiang's culture combines traditional Nakhi culture and incongruous elements learned from Ming dynasty Han Chinese traders who settled in the region centuries ago. Nakhi people have kept alive a timber and mud brick housing style which they learned from Nanjing traders. Local carpenters still build elaborately constructed timber house frames from memory without blueprints or other diagrams. These houses are often enhanced by detailed flower and bird carvings on the windows. The carvings are now made by ethnic Bai artisans, but attention is given to depicting the flora and fauna of the four seasons in the traditional Han Chinese manner. Even impoverished farming families gather their resources to install carved windows, and seem to consider them more important than furniture for the house. The window panels are available for sale to tourists.

The Nakhi people learned Chinese classical music from the visitors from Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty and continue to play that music even to this day, long after the art died out in other parts of China. The old musicians have been organized for regular performances in Dayan Old Town and less regular performances in the outlying villages.

Side by side with this well preserved evidence of Han culture resides Nakhi local culture, and this can be seen in the old town and on many street corners even today in the form of circle dances, attended by young and old from the local neighborhoods. The Dayan Old Town circle dances are led by Hakhi women in local Nakhi costume.

Circle dancing in costume is also a custom of the Tibetan people to the north of Lijiang and of the Bai people to the south. Previously there were substantial Tibetan and Bai settlements in Dayan Old Town but most of these people have been resettled to districts away from the tourist areas. Tibetan circle dancing can be seen occasionally in Dayan Old Town and more regularly in private gardens and Nongjiale 农家乐 gatherings of local Tibetans. Both Nakhi and Tibetan circle dancing are practiced outside of the town's Tibetan temples Wenfeng Si 文峰寺on Wenbifeng 文笔峰 Mountain, Zhiyun Si指云寺 near Lashi Hai 拉市海 Lake and Fuguo Si 富国寺 on Jade Dragon Mountain玉龙雪山, especially on temple festival days.

Traditional Nakhi music has been popularized by a small handful of local popular singers, and continues in its more traditional form practiced at funerals and other family celebrations. A few nongjiale 农家乐 offer for tourists short presentations of traditional Nakhi music together with commentary in Mandarin Chinese.

Nakhi culture is stubbornly patriarchal, but the Chinese government has linked this culture with the nearby matriarchal Muoso culture because of similarities in their two languages. In the past, Muoso music was presented in Lijiang coffee houses and bars, but over the past five years the local musicians have been replaced with Han musicians.

Greater Lijiang (including Dayan, and two villages to the north, called Baisha 白沙 and Shuhe 束河 respectively) was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List on December 4, 1997.[1] Since then, the local government has taken more responsibility for the development and protection of the old city. Lijiang's tourism increased over the past twenty years, and travelers from around the world visit, though most tourists are still Han Chinese from other parts of China; the old town of Dayan has been extensively redeveloped with an eye to enhancing its commercial appeal to Han Chinese tourists and the genuinely old buildings are now in the minority.

Evenings in the old city can be rowdy, especially in the bar area where boisterous groups of tourists try ousting other groups in a special version of the local tradition of singing contests, now engaged in by dividing up into two sides of a room or opposite sides of a street. The government has been encouraging the bars to move their business to Shuhe Village to the north of the town.

The extended borders of Lijiang municipality include a modern renovation of the once revered Jade Water Village, now presented to tourists as a lesson in Dongba culture. Nakhi religious practices are led by Nakhi shamans called Dongba 东巴， who continue to be welcomed at household ceremonies and the occasional town sponsored seasonal re-enactments of the old dongba practices. To continue the tradition, talented young boys are still given to older dongbas for apprenticeship training.

Nearby Lugu Hu, a lake is a tourist attraction primarily because of its matriarchal Muoso population. Muoso women do not marry but continue living in their matriarchal home for life. Live-in boyfriends rather than spouses ensure the presence of a younger generation to which the mother and her sisters retain all rearing rights.

Culture

A Nakhi old woman in the town square

Performances by the Nakhi of Dongjing Music, an ancient form of Han Chinese ritual music, can be heard for a fee in Dayan and for a donation in Shuhe, Baisha and sometimes in other villages in the area. A pricy glamorization of the Tea and Horse Caravans is presented in the form of a musical organized by film producer and director Zhang Yimou,

See also

Recent changes

Panorama of the old town as seen from Wan Gu Lou

The influx of tourists that followed the inscription of the Ancient town of Lijiang onto UNESCO's World Heritage list has had dramatic effects. Most of the Nakhi inhabitants of the ancient city have moved away due to rising costs of housing and food items, only to be replaced by tourist establishments who pay huge rents to the Nakhi owners, now retired to the new town area.[2] The growth of these tourism businesses is largely uncontrolled.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Old Town of Lijiang". UNESCO. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  2. ↑ "Reconciling Tourism and Conservation: The Case of Historic Towns". China Heritage Newsletter, China Heritage Project, The Australian National University, ISSN 1833-8461, No. 2, June 2005. June 2005.
  3. ↑ "UNESCO WHC-ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Old Town of Lijiang, China". UNESCO WHC-ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Old Town of Lijiang, China. 10–19 January 2008.
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Coordinates: 26°52′00″N 100°14′00″E / 26.86667°N 100.23333°E / 26.86667; 100.23333

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