The Seven Daughters of Eve

The Seven Daughters of Eve[1] is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the particularities of mitochondrial DNA, and analyses of ancient DNA to genetically link modern humans to prehistoric ancestors.

Following the developments of mitochondrial genetics, Sykes traces back human migrations, discusses the "out of Africa theory" and casts serious doubt upon Heyerdahl's theory of the Peruvian origin of the Polynesians, which opposed the theory of their origin in Indonesia. He also describes the use of mitochondrial DNA in identifying the remains of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, and in assessing the genetic makeup of modern Europe.

The title of the book comes from one of the principal achievements of mitochondrial genetics, which is the classification of all modern Europeans into seven groups, the mitochondrial haplogroups. Each haplogroup is defined by a set of characteristic mutations on the mitochondrial genome, and can be traced along a person's maternal line to a specific prehistoric woman. Sykes refers to these women as "clan mothers", though these women did not all live concurrently. All these women in turn shared a common maternal ancestor, the Mitochondrial Eve.

The last third of the book is spent on a series of fictional narratives, written by Sykes, describing his creative guesses about the lives of each of these seven "clan mothers". This latter half generally met with mixed reviews in comparison with the first part.

Mitochondrial haplogroups in The Seven Daughters of Eve

The seven "clan mothers" mentioned by Sykes each correspond to one (or more) human mitochondrial haplogroups.

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6
L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M   N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T

Additional daughters

Sykes wrote in the book that there were seven major mitochondrial lineages for modern Europeans, though he subsequently wrote that with the additional data from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, Ulrike (see below) could have been promoted to be the eighth clan mother for Europe.[2]

Others have put the number at 10,[3] 12[4] or even 18.[5] These additional "daughters" generally include haplogroups I, M and W.[6] For example, a 2004 paper re-mapped European haplogroups as H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W.[3]

Likewise, Sykes has invented names for an additional 29 "clan mothers" worldwide, each corresponding to a different haplogroup identified by geneticists: "Fufei, Ina, Aiyana/Ai, Yumi, Nene, Naomi, Una, Uta, Ulrike, Uma, Ulla, Ulaana, Lara, Lamia, Lalamika, Latasha, Malaxshmi, Emiko, Gaia, Chochmingwu/Chie, Djigonasee/Sachi, Makeda, Lingaire, Lubaya, Limber, Lila, Lungile, Latifa and Layla."[7]

Japanese clans

Sykes is currently using the same methods to identify the nine "clan mothers" of Japanese ancestry, "all different from the seven European equivalents."[8]

References

  1. ↑ Sykes, Bryan (July 2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. W.W.Norton & Company Inc. (320 pages). ISBN 978-0-393-02018-2. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  2. ↑ Sykes, Brian, Blood of the Isles (Bantam, 2006) pages 118-119
  3. 1 2 Loogvali, E. -L. (2004). "Disuniting Uniformity: A Pied Cladistic Canvas of mtDNA Haplogroup H in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (11): 2012–21. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh209. PMID 15254257.
  4. ↑ Achilli, A.; Rengo, C.; Magri, C.; Battaglia, V.; Olivieri, A.; Scozzari, R.; Cruciani, F.; Zeviani, M.; Briem, E.; Carelli, V.; Moral, P.; Dugoujon, J. M.; Roostalu, U.; Loogväli, E. L.; Kivisild, T.; Bandelt, H. J. R.; Richards, M.; Villems, R.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Semino, O.; Torroni, A. (2004). "The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms That the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge Was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (5): 910–8. doi:10.1086/425590. PMC 1182122Freely accessible. PMID 15382008.
  5. ↑ (February 2014)Distribution of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups by region in percentage Eupedia, Retrieved 11 November 2014
  6. ↑ Liddle, James W. (18 May 2005) mtDNA (Mitochondria) Tests Interpretation Team Liddle et al, Family Tree DNA group, Retrieved 13 November 2014
  7. ↑ Glossary; Maternal Clan names, Oxford Ancestors web page, Retrieved 11 November 2014
  8. ↑ Japanese women seek their ancestral roots in Oxford Archived October 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. by Tessa Holland, 25 June 2006, Kyodo News
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