Sherman Alexie

Sherman Alexie

Alexie at the Texas Book Festival in 2008
Born Sherman Joseph Alexie, Jr.
(1966-10-07) October 7, 1966
Spokane, Washington, U.S.
Occupation Author, poet, screenwriter, filmmaker
Nationality Spokane
Coeur d'Alene
American
Genre Native American literature, humor, documentary fiction
Literary movement Indigenous Nationalism
Notable works • The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
• Smoke Signals
• Reservation Blues
• The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven
• War Dances
Notable awards

American Book Award
1996
National Book Award
2007

PEN/Faulkner
2010
Website
fallsapart.com

Sherman Joseph Alexie, Jr. ((Spokane-Coeur d'Alene), born October 7, 1966) is a novelist, short story writer, poet, and filmmaker. Much of his writing draws on his experiences as an Indigenous American with ancestry from several tribes. He grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation and now lives in Seattle, Washington.[1]

One of his best-known books is The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), a collection of short stories. It was adapted as the film Smoke Signals (1998), for which he also wrote the screenplay.

His first novel Reservation Blues received one of the fifteen 1996 American Book Awards.[2] His first young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007), is a semi-autobiographical novel that won the 2007 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[3] and the Odyssey Award as best 2008 audiobook for young people (read by Alexie).[4] His 2009 collection of short stories and poems, War Dances, won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction.[5]

Alexie is the guest editor of the 2015 Best American Poetry.

Life

Childhood

Alexie was born on October 7, 1966,[6] at Sacred Heart Hospital in Spokane, Washington. He lived as a child on the Spokane Indian Reservation, located west of Spokane.[7] His father, Sherman Joseph Alexie, was a member of the Coeur d'Alene tribe, and his mother, Lillian Agnes Cox, was of Colville, Choctaw, Spokane and European American ancestry.[8] One of his paternal great-grandfathers was of Russian descent.[9] Alexie was born with hydrocephalus, a condition that occurs when there is an abnormally large amount of cerebral fluid in the cranial cavity.[10] He had to have brain surgery when he was six months old, and was at high risk of death or mental disabilities if he survived.[8] Alexie's surgery was successful; he suffered no mental damage but had other side effects.[10]

His father was an alcoholic who often left the house for days at a time. To support her six children, Alexie's mother Lillian sewed quilts and worked as a clerk at the Wellpinit Trading Post.[10]

Alexie has described his life at the reservation school as challenging because he was constantly teased by other kids. He was nicknamed "The Globe" because his head was larger than usual, due to the hydrocephalus as an infant. Until the age of seven, Alexie suffered from seizures and bedwetting; he had to take strong drugs to control them.[10][11] Because of his health problems, he was excluded from many of the activities that are rites of passage for young Indian males.[11] Alexie excelled academically, reading everything available, including auto repair manuals.[12]

Education

In order to better his education, Alexie decided to leave the reservation and attend high school in Reardan, Washington.[10] The school was twenty-two miles off the reservation and Alexie was the only Native American student.[11] He excelled at his studies and became a star player on the basketball team, the Reardan High School Indians.[10] He was elected as class president and participated as a member of the debate team.[10]

His successes in high school won him a scholarship in 1985 to Gonzaga University, a Roman Catholic university in Spokane.[10][11] Originally Alexie enrolled in the pre-med program with hopes of becoming a doctor,[11] but found he was squeamish during dissection in his anatomy classes.[11] Alexie switched to law, but found that was not suitable, either.[11] He felt enormous pressure to succeed in college and he began drinking heavily to cope with his anxiety.[13] Unhappy with law, Alexie found comfort in literature classes.[11]

In 1987 he dropped out of Gonzaga and enrolled at Washington State University (WSU),[11] where he enrolled in a creative writing course taught by Alex Kuo, a respected poet of Chinese-American background. Alexie was at a low point in his life, and Kuo served as a mentor to him.[8] Kuo gave Alexie an anthology entitled Songs of This Earth on Turtle's Back, by Joseph Bruchac. Alexie has said this book changed his life as it taught him "how to connect to non-Native literature in a new way."[8][11][14] He was inspired by reading works of poetry written by Native Americans.[8]

With his new appreciation of poetry, Alexie started work on what was published as his first collection, The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Viviane Poems, published in 1992 through Hanging Loose Press.[8][15] With that success, Alexie stopped drinking and quit school just three credits short of a degree. In 1995 he was awarded a bachelor's degree from Washington State University.[11]

Today

In 2005, Alexie became a founding board member of Longhouse Media, a non-profit organization that is committed to teaching filmmaking skills to Native American youth, and to using media for cultural expression and social change. Alexie has long supported youth programs and initiatives dedicated to supporting at-risk Native youth.[16]

Alexie is married to Diane Tomhave, who is of Hidatsa, Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi heritage. They live in Seattle with their two sons.[15]

Literary works

Alexie's stories have been included in several short story anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories 2004, edited by Lorrie Moore; and Pushcart Prize XXIX of the Small Presses. Additionally, a number of his pieces have been published in various literary magazines and journals, as well as online publications.

Themes

Alexie's poetry, short stories and novels explore themes of despair, poverty, violence and alcoholism among the lives of Native American people, both on and off the reservation. They are lightened by wit and humor.[13] According to Sarah A. Quirk from the Dictionary of Library Biography, Alexie asks three questions across all of his works: "What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? Finally, what does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?"[8] The protagonists in most of his literary works exhibit a constant struggle with themselves and their own sense of powerlessness in white American society.[13]

Influences

Alexie’s writings are meant to evoke sadness, but at the same time he uses humor and pop culture that leaves the readers with a sense of respect, understanding, and compassion.[13] Alexie’s influences for his literary works do not rely solely on traditional Indian forms. He “blends elements of popular culture, Indian spirituality, and the drudgery of poverty-ridden reservation life to create his characters and the world they inhabit,” according to Quirk.[8] Alexie's work is laced with often startling humor. According to Quirk, he does this as a "means of cultural survival for American Indians—survival in the face of the larger American culture's stereotypes of American Indians and their concomitant distillation of individual tribal characteristics into one pan-Indian consciousness."[8]

Arizona HB 2281

In 2012, Arizona's HB 2281 removed Alexie's works, among others', from Arizona school curriculum. Alexie's response:

Let's get one thing out of the way: Mexican immigration is an oxymoron. Mexicans are indigenous. So, in a strange way, I'm pleased that the racist folks of Arizona have officially declared, in banning me alongside Urrea, Baca, and Castillo, that their anti-immigration laws are also anti-Indian. I'm also strangely pleased that the folks of Arizona have officially announced their fear of an educated underclass. You give those brown kids some books about brown folks and what happens? Those brown kids change the world. In the effort to vanish our books, Arizona has actually given them enormous power. Arizona has made our books sacred documents now.[17]

Poetry

Within a year of graduating from college, Alexie received the Washington State Arts Commission Poetry Fellowship and the National Endowment for the Arts Poetry Fellowship.[18] His career began with the publishing of his first two collections of poetry in 1992, entitled, I Would Steal Horses and The Business of Fancydancing.[8] In these poems, Alexie uses humor to express the struggles of contemporary Indians on reservations. Common themes include: alcoholism, poverty and racism.[8] Although he uses humor to express his feelings, the underlying message is very serious.

The Business of Fancydancing - Stories and Poems (1992) [19] was well received, selling over 10,000 copies.[11] Alexie refers to his writing as “fancydancing,"[12] a flashy, colorful style of competitive Pow wow dancing. Whereas older, traditional forms of Indian dance may be ceremonial and kept private among tribal members, the fancydance style was created by Native American veterans from World War II as a form of public entertainment.[12] Alexie compares the mental, emotional, and spiritual outlet that he finds in his writings to the vivid self-expression of the dancers.[13] Leslie Ullman commented on The Business of Fancydancing in the Kenyon Review, writing that Alexie "weaves a curiously soft-blended tapestry of humor, humility, pride and metaphysical provocation out of the hard realities...: the tin-shack lives, the alcohol dreams, the bad luck and burlesque disasters, and the self-destructive courage of his characters."[13]

Alexie's other collections of poetry include:

Short stories

Alexie published his first prose work, entitled The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, in 1993.[8] The book consists of a series of short stories that are interconnected. Several prominent characters are explored, and they have been featured in later works by Alexie. According to Sarah A. Quirk, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven can be considered a bildungsroman with dual protagonists, "Victor Joseph and Thomas Builds-the-Fire, moving from relative innocence to a mature level on experience."[8]

Ten Little Indians (2004) is a collection of "nine extraordinary short stories set in and around the Seattle area, featuring Spokane Indians from all walks of urban life," according to Christine C. Menefee of the School Library Journal.[13] In this collection, Alexie "challenges stereotypes that whites have of Native Americans and at the same time shows the Native American characters coming to terms with their own identities."[13]

War Dances is a collection of short stories, poems, and short works. It won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. The collection, however, received mixed reviews.[13]

Other short stories by Alexie include:

Novels

In his first novel, Reservation Blues (1995), Alexie revisits some of the characters from The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. Thomas Builds-the-Fire, Victor Joseph, and Junior Polatkin, who have grown up together on the Spokane Indian reservation, were teenagers in the short story collection. In Reservation Blues they are now adult men in their thirties.[22] Some of them are now musicians and in a band together. Verlyn Klinkenborg of the Los Angeles Times wrote in a 1995 review of Reservation Blues: "you can feel Alexie's purposely divided attention, his alertness to a divided audience, Native American and Anglo."[22] Klinkenborg says that Alexie is "willing to risk didacticism whenever he stops to explain the particulars of the Spokane and, more broadly, the Native American experience to his readers."[22]

Indian Killer (1996) is a murder mystery set among Native American adults in contemporary Seattle, where the characters struggle with urban life, mental health, and the knowledge there is a serial killer on the loose. Characters deal with the racism in the University system, as well as in the community at large, where Indians are subjected to being lectured about their own culture by white professors who are actually ignorant about Indian cultures.[13]

Alexie's young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007) is a coming-of-age story that began as a memoir of his life and family on the Spokane Indian reservation.[13] The novel focuses on a fourteen-year-old Indian named Arnold Spirit. The novel is semi-autobiographical, including many events and elements of Alexie's life.[13] For example, Arnold was born with hydrocephalus, and was teased a lot as a child. The story also portrays events after Arnold's transfer to Reardan High School, which Alexie had attended.[13] The novel received great reviews and continues to be a top seller. Bruce Barcott from the New York Times Book Review observed, "Working in the voice of a 14-year-old forces Alexie to strip everything down to action and emotion, so that reading becomes more like listening to your smart, funny best friend recount his day while waiting after school for a ride home."[13]

Flight (2007) also features an adolescent protagonist. The narrator, who calls himself "Zits," is a fifteen-year-old orphan of mixed Native and European ancestry who has bounced around the foster system in Seattle. The novel centers around experiences of the past, as Zits experiences short windows into others' lives after he is shot while committing a crime.[13]

Films

In 1998 Alexie broke barriers by creating the first all-Indian movie, Smoke Signals.[13] Alexie based the screenplay on his short story collection, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, and characters and events from a number of Alexie's works make appearances in the film.[13] Smoke Signals was directed by Chris Eyre, a Cheyenne-Arapaho Indian filmmaker, and the entire production team and cast is Native American.[11] The film tells the story of two young Indians, Victor Joseph (Adam Beach) and Thomas Builds the Fire (Evan Adams), who leave the reservation on a road trip to retrieve the body of Victor's dead father (Gary Farmer).[13] During their journey the characters' childhood is explored via flashbacks. The film took top honors at the Sundance Film Festival.[13] It received an 86% and "fresh" rating from the online film database Rotten Tomatoes.[23]

The Business of Fancydancing, written and directed by Alexie in 2002, explores themes of Indian identity, cultural involvement vs blood quantum, living on the reservation or off it, and other issues around makes someone a "real Indian." The title refers to the protagonist's choice to leave the reservation and make his living performing for predominantly-white audiences. Evan Adams, who plays Thomas Builds the Fire in "Smoke Signals", again stars, now as an urban gay man with a white partner. The death of a peer brings the protagonist home to the reservation, where he reunites with his friends from his childhood and youth. The film is unique in that Alexie hired an almost completely female crew to produce the film. Many of the actors improvised their dialogue, based on real events in their lives.

Other film projects include:

Awards and honors

1992
1993
1994
1996
1999
2001
2007
2009
2010

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eric Konigsberg, "In His Own Literary World, a Native Son Without Borders", The New York Times, October 20, 2009.
  2. 1 2 American Booksellers Association (2013). "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation [1980–2012]". BookWeb. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25. 1996 [...] Reservation Blues, Sherman Alexie
  3. 1 2 "National Book Awards – 2007". National Book Foundation (NBF). Retrieved 2012-04-15.
    (With acceptance speech by Alexie, interview with Alexie, and other material, partly replicated for all five Young People's Literature authors and books.)
  4. 1 2 "Odyssey Award winners and honor audiobooks, 2008–present". ALSC. ALA. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  5. 1 2 Jacqueline Trescott, "Sherman Alexie wins 2010 Pen/Faulkner fiction prize for War Dances", The Washington Post, March 24, 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  6. ↑ Johansen, Bruce E. (2010). Native Americans Today: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-313-35554-7.
  7. ↑ Nourr, Sarah. "Happy Birthday, Sherman Alexie". The Arts Partnership. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Quirk, Sarah A. (2003). "Sherman Alexie (7 October 1966–)". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Seventh. 278: 3–10. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  9. ↑ Alexie, Sherman (May 28, 2012). "@ Sherman_Alexie : Elizabeth Warren is as close to her Indian ancestors as I am to my 19th-century Russian fur-trapping great-grandfather.". Twitter. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cline, Lynn (2000). "About Sherman Alexie". Ploughshares. 26 (4): 197. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Sherman Alexie". Authors and Artists for Young Adults. 28. 1999. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  12. 1 2 3 "Sherman Alexie". Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1998. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Sherman Alexie". Authors and Artists for Young Adults. 85. 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  14. ↑ "A Conversation With Sherman Alexie". Blue Mesa Review. December 6, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  15. 1 2 Official Sherman Alexie website
  16. ↑ "About Us: What is Longhouse Media?". Longhouse Media.
  17. ↑ rdsathene, "Sherman Alexie "Arizona has made our books sacred documents now." Daily Kos, February 1, 2012.
  18. ↑ Ettlinger, Marian. "Sherman Alexie". Salem Press. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  19. ↑ Sanders, Ken (June 6, 1992). "The Business of Fancydancing - Stories and Poems (1992) BOOK APPRAISAL; Ken Sanders Rare Books, Salt Lake City, UT". Antiques Roadshow.
  20. ↑ "The Toughest Indian in the World (review)". Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  21. ↑ Jess Row (November 21, 2012). "Without Reservation: 'Blasphemy,' by Sherman Alexie". New York Times. Sunday book review. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  22. 1 2 3 Klinkenborg, Verlyn (June 18, 1995). "America at the Crossroads: Life on the Spokane Reservation". Los Angeles Times Book Review. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  23. ↑ "Smoke Signals". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  24. ↑ "Winners". California Young Reader Medal. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
Other sources

External links and further reading

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