Ward Hill Lamon

Ward Hill Lamon
Born (1828-01-06)January 6, 1828
Winchester, Virginia, U.S.[1]
Died May 7, 1893(1893-05-07) (aged 65)
Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S.
Resting place Gerrardstown, West Virginia
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Louisville
Occupation Attorney, bodyguard, U.S. Marshal
Known for Being the bodyguard of Abraham Lincoln
Notable work The Life of Abraham Lincoln; From his Birth to his Inauguration as President
Spouse(s) Angelina Turner
Sally Logan
Children Dorothy Lamon
Ward Hill Lamon

Ward Hill Lamon (January 6, 1828 – May 7, 1893) was a personal friend and self-appointed bodyguard of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Lamon was famously absent the night Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865, having been sent by Lincoln to Richmond, Virginia.

Background

Lamon's relation with Lincoln has been traced by Clint Clay Tilton in Lincoln and Lamon. Lamon was born near Winchester, Virginia, studied medicine for two years, and moved to Danville, Illinois, when he was 19 to live with relatives.[2] He attended the University of Louisville to receive his law degree and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1851.[3] In 1850, he moved back to Virginia, married Angelina Turner, and then returned to Illinois to practice law. Angelina was a daughter of Ehud and Priscilla Strode Turner, whose house at Beddington, West Virginia, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as the Priscilla Strode Turner House.[4] Angelina died in April 1859, leaving a daughter, Dorothy, who was raised in Danville by Lamon's sister, Mrs. William Morgan.[5] In November 1860, Lamon married Sally Logan, daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan.[6] Logan had been Lincoln's law partner from 1851 to 1854.[7]

Early years with Lincoln

Lamon's professional association with Lincoln started in 1852. Lamon became the prosecuting attorney for the Old Eighth Judicial district and subsequently moved to Bloomington, Illinois, in 1858.[8] While Lamon had Southern sympathies and his hatred of abolitionism set him apart from Lincoln, they remained friends, despite their very different characters. Lamon joined the then-young Republican Party and campaigned for Lincoln in 1860. Lincoln was up against New York Senator William Seward for the Republican nomination, and Lamon proved his friendship by printing up extra tickets for the convention to fill the hall with Lincoln supporters.[9] When Lincoln was elected President, Lamon hoped for a foreign diplomatic post, but received a letter from his friend that said, "Dear Hill, I need you. I want you to go to Washington with me and be prepared for a long stay." [10] Lamon then accompanied him as he traveled from Springfield, Illinois, to Washington D.C. in February 1861. This trip would prove to be eventful.

Lamon and the Baltimore Plot, 1861

Main article: Baltimore Plot

Lamon was a physically imposing man, and during the presidency, often took it upon himself to guard Lincoln. In February 1861, detective Allan Pinkerton uncovered a plot whereby Lincoln would be assassinated when he arrived in Baltimore on his way to his inauguration in Washington. Pinkerton advised Lincoln that rather than ride publicly through the city between train stations as planned, he should take a midnight train straight through to Washington. Lamon was the sole friend chosen to accompany him.

Lamon and Pinkerton famously clashed over the President-elect's protection. Lamon offered Lincoln "a Revolver and a Bowie Knife" but Pinkerton protested that he "would not for the world have it said that Mr. Lincoln had to enter the national Capital armed".[11] The two men further disagreed over Lamon's desire to alert the Chicago Journal to their early arrival in Washington because Pinkerton, more prudently, wished not to publicize their change of plans. In Pinkerton's account of the plot, he wrote disparagingly of Lamon, referring to him as a "brainless, egotistical fool".[12] Pinkerton allowed William Herndon to copy his report, which was obtained by Lamon when he purchased Herndon's papers to write his Life of Abraham Lincoln.[13] However, when Herndon first requested copies of Pinkerton's report, Pinkerton agreed only on the condition that certain material be kept confidential, specifically naming his remarks about Lamon.[14]

Lamon's description detailed the manipulations of Pinkerton. Months before Lincoln traveled through Baltimore, Samuel M. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, had hired Pinkerton. There was unemployment in Baltimore. It is conceivable that Felton's security concerns may have been about workers destroying bridges to create jobs for themselves and that homeless persons were living near railroad facilities.

Pinkerton began an entrapment scheme by opening an office in Baltimore. Pinkerton publicized his duplicity and attracted dissatisfied elements. Lamon asserts that the motive of Pinkerton was to increase the demand for his service and profits. Pinkerton's agents were reputed to frequent bars and brothels to utilize local information sources. Barr's saloon on South Street was one of the bars they patronized. The agents established that intemperate persons were not modulating their speech about politics while drinking with the targets of their investigation. Informants were paid money.

There were disputes among the power brokers accompanying Lincoln on his journey to Washington as to who had more common sense or the most courage to assist the President-elect. Pinkerton, accompanied by a female spy, met Lincoln in Philadelphia on 21 February and advised him of the need for increased security because he heard credible stories from intoxicated sources. In the coded messages of Pinkerton's operatives, apparently the female spy was "Plums" and Lincoln was "Nuts".

Lincoln was secreted through Baltimore during the night. The train carrying Mrs. Lincoln and others went through Baltimore unharmed the next day, despite the claim of Pinkerton that hand grenades and fire bombs would be used to attack the train.[15]

Lamon summed up his disbelief in the plot in the biography: "It is perfectly manifest that there was no conspiracy, – no conspiracy of a hundred, of fifty, of twenty, of three; no definite purpose in the heart of even one man to murder Mr. Lincoln in Baltimore."[16]

Lamon as U.S. Marshal and his relationship with Lincoln 1861–1865

Shortly after his inauguration in 1861, Lincoln appointed Lamon United States Marshal of the District of Columbia; he resigned his commission in June 1865. One of Lamon's first acts as Marshal was to visit Fort Sumter, South Carolina in March 1861, to meet with Major Robert Anderson, commander of the fort, and Governor Francis Pickens.[17] Reports vary on Lamon's responsibilities with regard to that visit.

One account chronicles that Lamon was just one of a few emissaries sent by Lincoln, the first being Captain Gustavus Fox, who went to determine if Fort Sumter could be relieved by sea.[18] Lamon was sent concurrently with another Illinois friend of Lincoln's, Stephen Hurlbut, with the implication that Lamon was sent to take the focus off of Hurlbut's visit as Hurlbut was there to measure anti-Union sentiment in Charleston (he discovered it was high).[19] Lamon incurred Lincoln's displeasure by meeting with Governor Pickens and informing him of the government's interest in withdrawing from Fort Sumter.[20]

Another account represents Lamon as traveling with the full confidence of Lincoln: "It called for courage and the trip was made over the objection of Secretary Seward. 'Mr. Secretary,' said Lincoln, 'I have known to be in many a close place and he's never been in one he didn't get out of. By Jing. I'll risk it. Go, Lamon, and God bless you.'"[21] Yet another account characterizes Lamon as being under Seward's influence and angering Lincoln: "It was under Seward's influence that he actually told Governor Pickens that he had come to arrange for the withdrawal of the garrison, and that after his return he wrote the governor that he would be back in a few days to assist with the evacuation. He also gave Major Anderson the impression that no relief would be attempted. All this was outrageous, and when Lincoln heard of Lamon's letter to Pickens, he indignantly denied that the man possessed any authority to make such a statement."[22] Missions to Fort Sumter aside, the marshal's position was not an onerous one and afforded Lamon legitimate access to the President. What Lamon took upon himself, however, was to represent himself as Lincoln's bodyguard, which he did out of friendship rather than the requirements of the position.[23]

Lamon took this so seriously that his friend Leonard Swett recounted that in the three months he stayed with Lamon in the Fall of 1864, he saw Lamon leave every night to go to the White House where he patrolled the grounds.[24] On one of these patrols, he dealt a blow between the eyes to a man skulking in the bushes on the White House grounds, killing him. The man was taken to the Secret Services offices, where he was searched and found to be a Southern gentleman in possession of two pistols and two knives.[25] Presidential secretary John Hay adds to this portrait of devotion by noting in his diary that one night he observed Lamon wrap himself up in his cloak and lie down to sleep in front of Lincoln's bedroom door.[26] Lamon was not in Washington on the night of Lincoln's assassination, being on assignment in Richmond. In his Recollections of Abraham Lincoln Lamon reveals that before he left for Richmond, he implored the president not to "go out at night after [he] was gone, particularly to the theatre."[27] After the assassination, Lamon accompanied the funeral procession to Springfield, Illinois.

Lamon as Lincoln's biographer

Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated center, highlighted in sepia). Ward Hill Lamon is seated to Lincoln's right.

After Lincoln's death, Lamon published two books (one posthumously) about the late President. The more famous of the two is a biography that was largely ghostwritten by Chauncey Black, the son of former Attorney General of the United States Jeremiah Black. The elder Black was Lamon's law partner from 1865 until 1879. The book, published in 1872 by James R. Osgood and Company of Boston under the title The Life of Abraham Lincoln; From his Birth to his Inauguration as President, contained allegations and personal information about Lincoln that were deemed scandalous by nineteenth century society. It was a financial failure. One of the most shocking claims was that Lincoln was not a man of faith: "Mr. Lincoln was never a member of any church, nor did he believe in the divinity of Christ, or the inspiration of the Scriptures in the sense understood by evangelical Christians."[28] The basis of the book was the papers of William Herndon, which Lamon purchased for either $2,000 or $4,000.[29][30] Shortly after his death, Lamon's daughter collected and edited many of his unpublished writings about Lincoln into a biography of the president, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (1895). In Recollections, Lamon reversed his earlier denial of the Baltimore plot of 1861, writing, "It is now an acknowledged fact that there was never a moment from the day he crossed the Maryland line, up until the time of his assassination, that he was not in danger of death by violence, and that his life was spared until the night of the 14th of April, 1865, only through the ceaseless and watchful care of the guards thrown around him."[31] The authenticity of this book is generally more highly regarded by the scholarly community than is the earlier volume by Lamon and Black.

Lamon after Lincoln's death

Lamon had tendered his resignation as Marshal of the District of Columbia in June 1865. In April 1866, Lamon purchased the funeral rail car that transported Lincoln's remains to Springfield, Illinois. The price he paid for the rail car was a little less than $10,000.[32] He was offered the cabinet position of Postmaster General but declined.[33] He formed his law partnership with Jeremiah Black (referenced above), and the law practice dissolved in 1879 due to the poor reception of The Life of Lincoln ghostwritten by Black's son Chauncey. In 1879, Lamon and his wife Sally moved to Boulder, Colorado, and later to Denver where he formed a friendship with poet Eugene Field.[34] The ill health of both Lamon and Sally caused them to return to Washington in 1886, and in 1889 they traveled to Europe for the spas and subsequently Sally died in Brussels in 1892.[35]

Lamon's grave in Gerrardstown, West Virginia.

Lamon moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, where he was cared for by his daughter Dorothy until his death on May 7, 1893.[36] He was 65 years old. Lamon was buried in Gerrardstown, West Virginia, in the Presbyterian Cemetery.[37] (Sally had been buried in Springfield, Illinois.) The home built by Lamon's cousin Joseph in Danville, Illinois, has become a museum.[38]

Perceptions of Lamon

Some contemporaries and biographers of Lincoln tend to treat Lamon with a certain casual contempt. In 1862, during his tenure as Marshal, a number of senators called for his removal from office.[39] Although Lincoln refused this demand, the Senate was able to decrease some of Lamon's official duties and thus reduce his income.[40] Allan Pinkerton's opinion of him was voiced above, during the Baltimore Plot. Historian Allan Nevins in The War for the Union characterizes Lamon as "a big loquacious bumbler of more self-assurance than discretion".[41] Even one of Nevin's footnotes that discusses the controversial trip to Charleston in 1861 further dismisses Lamon: "Lamon's papers in the Huntington Library throw no light on the subject except to confirm his general ineptness."[42] A few carry the flag for Lamon, however. In 1931, Clint Clay Tilton repeatedly affirms Lamon's generosity and good humor and dubs him "the Cavalier".[43] When Lamon campaigned for Lincoln's re-election in 1864, a song was written with this verse remaining:

A great good man is Ward Hill Lamon;
Abe is Pythias; he is Damon;
He's the President's protector,
He's his political protector,
Who?
Ward Hill Lamon. Ward Hill Lamon.

[44]

Lamon's story is told in the film Saving Lincoln, which details the threats against Lincoln from Lamon's point of view.

Notes

  1. ↑ James G. Randall, "Ward Hill Lamon," DAB, 10: 562-63.
  2. ↑ Tilton, Clint Clay: "Lincoln and Lamon: Partners and Friends," Publication of the Illinois State Historical Library, page 175. Phillips Brothers State Printers, 1931.
  3. ↑ Hamand, L: "Lincoln's Particular Friend," Essays in Illinois History, page 19. Southern Illinois University Press, 1968.
  4. ↑ Geoffrey B. Henry and Jared N. Tuk (June 2002). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Priscilla Strode Turner House" (PDF). State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  5. ↑ Tilton, page 183.
  6. ↑ Tilton, page 188.
  7. ↑ Lawson, S: "Logan, Stephen Trigg, American National Biography Online http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00636.html
  8. ↑ Tilton, pages 178-9, 182.
  9. ↑ "I Beg Leave to Offer. . . Abraham Lincoln" New York Times, May 15, 1960.
  10. ↑ Tilton, page 189.
  11. ↑ Cuthbert, N: Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861, page 79. Huntington Library, 1949.
  12. ↑ Cuthbert, page 86.
  13. ↑ Mackay, J: Allan Pinkerton: The First Detective, page 104. John Wiley & Sons, 1996
  14. ↑ Wilson, D. and Davis R: Herndon's Informants, page 264. University of Illinois Press, 1998.
  15. ↑ Lamon, Ward Hill. The Life of Abraham Lincoln: His Birth to His Inauguration as President. Boston, MA: James R. Osgood and Company, 1872, pp. 511-529.
  16. ↑ Lamon, W., Life of Abraham Lincoln, page 513. James R. Osgood and Company, 1872.
  17. ↑ (USMS), U.S. Marshals Service. "U.S. Marshals Service".
  18. ↑ Oedel, H: "Lincoln Takes the Pulse of the Confederacy at Charleston in March, 1861," page 158. Lincoln Herald, 1973.
  19. ↑ Oedel, page 159.
  20. ↑ Oedel, page 160.
  21. ↑ Tilton, page 198.
  22. ↑ Nevins, A. The War for the Union, page 54. Scribner, 1959.
  23. ↑ Hamand, page 27.
  24. ↑ Hamand, pages 30-31
  25. ↑ Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field, page 147–149.
  26. ↑ Hamand, page 31.
  27. ↑ Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847–1865, page 280. A.C. McClurg and Company, 1895.
  28. ↑ Lamon, W: Life of Abraham Lincoln, page 486. James R.Osgood and Company, 1872.
  29. ↑ Barton, W: The Soul of Abraham Lincoln, page 129. George H. Doran Co., 1920.
  30. ↑ Donald, D: Lincoln's Herndon, page 253. Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
  31. ↑ Lamon, W: Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, page 47.
  32. ↑ The Evening Telegraph Vol. V, No.88, page 1, Philadelphia, Thursday April 12, 1866.http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025925/1866-04-12/ed-1/seq-1/
  33. ↑ Tilton, page 222.
  34. ↑ Tilton, page 224.
  35. ↑ Tilton, page 226-227.
  36. ↑ Tilton, page 227.
  37. ↑ Ward Hill Lamon at Find a Grave
  38. ↑ The Lamon House History.
  39. ↑ Tilton, page 203.
  40. ↑ Tilton, page 209.
  41. ↑ Nevins, page 49.
  42. ↑ Nevins, page 54.
  43. ↑ Tilton, page 176.
  44. ↑ Tilton, page 214. The tune has been lost to history; the unusual metrical pattern is compatible with STILLE NACHT, the tune for "Silent Night."

References

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