Xanthine dehydrogenase

XDH
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2CKJ, 2E1Q
Identifiers
Aliases	XDH, XO, XOR, xanthine dehydrogenase
External IDs	OMIM: 607633 MGI: 98973 HomoloGene: 324 GeneCards: XDH
Genetically Related Diseases
obesity[1]
Targeted by Drug
allopurinol[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • iron ion binding • protein homodimerization activity • xanthine oxidase activity • flavin adenine dinucleotide binding • oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors • iron-sulfur cluster binding • metal ion binding • catalytic activity • molybdopterin cofactor binding • electron carrier activity • xanthine dehydrogenase activity • oxidoreductase activity • 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol • peroxisome • sarcoplasmic reticulum • extracellular fluid • extracellular region Biological process • positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade • negative regulation of protein phosphorylation • negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling • purine nucleotide catabolic process • negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation • negative regulation of gene expression • negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process • negative regulation of vasculogenesis • negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway • lactation • regulation of epithelial cell differentiation • xanthine catabolic process • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • oxidation-reduction process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7498	22436
Ensembl	ENSG00000158125	ENSMUSG00000024066
UniProt	P47989	Q00519
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000379	NM_011723
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000370.2	NP_035853.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 2: 31.33 – 31.41 Mb	Chr 17: 73.88 – 73.95 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata

Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene.^[5][6]

Function

Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The enzyme is a homodimer. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.^[5]

Xanthine dehydrogenase catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

xanthine + NAD⁺ + H₂O urate + NADH + H⁺

The three substrates of this enzyme are xanthine, NAD⁺, and H₂O, whereas its three products are urate, NADH, and H⁺.

This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.

Nomenclature

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on CH or CH₂ groups with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xanthine:NAD⁺ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD⁺-xanthine dehydrogenase, xanthine-NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, xanthine/NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, and xanthine oxidoreductase.

Clinical significance

Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism.^[5]

See also

• aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead domain
• MOCOS
• xanthine oxidase

References

Further reading

PDB gallery
1fiq: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF XANTHINE OXIDASE FROM BOVINE MILK  1wyg: Crystal Structure of a Rat Xanthine Dehydrogenase Triple Mutant (C535A, C992R and C1324S)  2ckj: HUMAN MILK XANTHINE OXIDOREDUCTASE