Anyperodon
| Slender grouper | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Anyperodon leucogrammicus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Serranidae |
| Subfamily: | Epinephelinae |
| Genus: | Anyperodon Guenther, 1859 [2] |
| Species: | A. leucogrammicus |
| Binomial name | |
| Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) [3] | |
Anyperodon is a genus of large marine ray-finned fish in the grouper family. Anyperodon leucogrammicus, the slender grouper, is the only species in the genus. It is found in tropical parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean.
Systematics
Recent molecular analyses based on five genes show that Anyperodon leucogrammicus is included in the same clade as species of Epinephelus. Consequently, the species should be included in Epinephelus as Epinephelus leucogrammicus.[4]
Description
The slender grouper is a medium fish growing to a length of about 65 centimetres (26 in). The head occupies 40% of the total length and the mouth is large, with the lower jaw longer than the upper jaw. There are no palatine teeth, a fact which distinguishes this species from other groupers. The basic colour is pale reddish-brown liberally dotted with orange spots which are closer together on the head. There are five pale silvery blue longitudinal lines running down either side, the lower 3 reaching the tail but the upper two breaking into irregular streaks.[5] The dorsal fin has 11 spines and 14 to 16 soft rays. The anal fin has 3 spines and 8 to 9 soft rays.[6] Juvenile fish have vivid blue and red longitudinal stripes.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The slender grouper has a wide distribution in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The range extends from the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea at 32°E to southern Japan and Australia at 171°W. It is found on coral reefs and seaward reef slopes and in lagoons at depths down to 50 metres (160 ft) or occasionally 80 metres (260 ft).[6] and can found in Andaman Sea.
Ecology
The slender grouper is carnivorous, feeding mainly on other fish such as goatfish but possibly also on invertebrates. Juvenile slender groupers are aggressive mimics of the red-lined wrasse, Halichoeres biocellatus and the silty wrasse, Halichoeres purpurescens.[6][8] They resemble them in appearance and in behaviour which lulls a potential prey fish into a false sense of security and enables the grouper to approach it without detection.[9]
Status
The slender grouper is considered of "least concern" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This is because it has a very wide range and populations do not seem to be in decline.[1] It is not fished commercially but is occasionally seen in the fish markets in Hong Kong.[6]
Utilization
- Fishery : Small Trade
- Game: Angling
References
- 1 2 Heemstra, P.C.; Pollard, D.; Samoilys, M.; Yeeting, B. & Choat, J.H. (2008). "Anyperodon leucogrammicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ↑ Bailly, Nicolas (2012). "Anyperodon Guenther, 1859". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ↑ Bailly, Nicolas (2012). "Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ↑ Schoelinck, C., Hinsinger, D. D., Dettaï, A., Cruaud, C. & Justine, J.-L. 2014: A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning. PLoS ONE, 9, e98198. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198
- ↑ Slender grouper Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. World Database of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) FishBase. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ↑ Luther, G. Anyperodon leucogrammicus A new record from the Andaman Sea Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ↑ Russel B. C.; Allen, G. R.; Lubbock, H. R. (1976). "New cases of mimicry in marine fishes". 180 (3): 407–423. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04685.x.
- ↑ Aggressive mimicry The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 2012-04-19.