Nancy Lincoln
| Nancy Hanks Lincoln | |
|---|---|
 Nancy Hanks Lincoln depiction | |
| Born |
Nancy Hanks February 5, 1784 Hampshire County, Virginia, U.S. (now Mineral County, West Virginia, U.S.) |
| Died |
October 5, 1818 (aged 34) Spencer County, Indiana, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse(s) | Thomas Lincoln (1806–1818; her death) |
| Children |
Sarah Lincoln Grigsby Abraham Lincoln Thomas Lincoln, Jr. |
| Parent(s) | Lucy Hanks |
| Relatives |
Joseph Hanks (grandfather) John Hanks (cousin) Tom Hanks (distant cousin) |
Nancy Hanks Lincoln (February 5, 1784 – October 5, 1818) is best known as the mother of United States President Abraham Lincoln. Her marriage to Thomas Lincoln also produced a daughter, Sarah Lincoln. When Nancy and Thomas had been married for just over 10 years, the family moved from Kentucky to Spencer County, Indiana. Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness at the Little Pigeon Creek Community in Spencer County when Abraham was aged 9.
Biography
This article reflects the prevailing theories regarding Nancy Hanks Lincoln's heritage. There is information, however, published about the Shipley and Berry family and for Kentucky heritage sites that differs from the prevailing theory. This is explored in greater detail in the Nancy Hanks Lincoln heritage article.
Early life and education
Nancy Hanks Lincoln was born to Lucy Hanks in what was at that time part of Hampshire County, Virginia. Today, the same location is in Antioch in Mineral County, West Virginia.[1][2] Years after her birth, Abraham Lincoln's law partner William Herndon reported that Lincoln told him his maternal grandfather was "a well-bred Virginia farmer or planter."[3] According to William E. Barton in the "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and Michael Burkhimer in "100 Essential Lincoln Books", Nancy was most likely born illegitimate due to the fact that Hanks' family created stories in order to lead Abraham to believe he was a legitimate member of the Sparrow family.[4]
It is believed that Nancy Hanks Lincoln's grandparents were Ann and Joseph Hanks and that they raised her from infancy until her grandfather died when she was about 9 years old.[5][6] At the time of Nancy's birth, Joseph and his wife and children were all living on 108 acres near Patterson Creek in then-Hampshire County, Virginia. In March 1784, Joseph Hanks sold his property via a mortgage and moved his wife, 8 children, and young granddaughter Nancy to Kentucky.[7][8]
The family lived on land along Pottinger's Creek, in a settlement called Rolling Fork in Nelson County, Kentucky, until patriarch Joseph's death in 1793. Nancy's grandmother, who was called by the more formal name Ann rather than its common nickname Nancy, decided to return to her homeland, old Farnham parish in Virginia. At that time, Nancy went to live with her mother, now Lucy Hanks Sparrow.[9] having married Henry Sparrow in Harrodsburg, Kentucky two or three years earlier.[6][10][11][12][13][14][15]
After Lucy's sister Elizabeth Hanks married Henry Sparrow's brother Thomas in Mercer County, Kentucky in 1796, Nancy went to live with the couple, whom she called "mother and father"; she was known as Nancy Sparrow[6][10][12][13][14][15] and described as "intelligent, deeply religious, kindly and affectionate." Lucy's sister Nancy Hanks gave birth to an illegitimate son in 1799 named Dennis Friend Hanks, Nancy Hanks Lincoln's cousin, who was also raised by Elizabeth and Thomas Sparrow.[16]
At the home of Elizabeth and Thomas Sparrow, Nancy would have learned the skills and crafts a woman needed on the frontier to cultivate crops and clothe and feed her family. She learned to read by the Bible and became an excellent seamstress, working at the Richard Berry home before her marriage.[17]
Lucy's marriage to Henry Sparrow produced 8 children, and Lucy had a reputation as a "fine Christian woman". Two sons were loyal to the Union during the Civil War and were preachers.[5][13]
Timeline of events and relationships
Nancy Hanks Lincoln heritage timeline: her life events and who she lived with during those times
Sparrow
Sparrow
:(1) It's unclear if Nancy Hanks lived the entire three years (1793-1796) with her mother prior to moving in with her aunt, Elizabeth Hanks and newly married uncle, Thomas Sparrow.
- (2) It is unclear when Nancy went to work for the Berrys.
Marriage and family
On June 12, 1806, Hanks married Thomas Lincoln at the home of Richard Berry in Beechland by Reverend Jesse Head.[10][11] Nancy was brought to the home to work as a seamstress by her friend Polly Ewing Berry, the wife of Richard Berry Jr. since October 10, 1794. Polly was a friend of Nancy's from Mercer County, Kentucky and Richard Berry, Jr. was a good friend of Thomas Lincoln.[18][19] Lincoln proposed to her in his childhood home at what is now Lincoln Homestead State Park [20] or in the Francis Berry house in front of the fireplace.[21]
Nancy's marriage bond was signed by Richard Berry, Jr. who identified himself as her guardian.[5][10] Per Warren, "The title had no legal significance, Berry having never been so appointed, and Nancy Hanks was then of age. But of him to call himself 'guardian' was a courtesy customary under such circumstances" [no father able to sign the marriage bond].[18] A record of their marriage license is held at the county courthouse.
They had three children:
- Sarah Lincoln (February 10, 1807 – January 20, 1828)
- Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)
- Thomas Lincoln, Jr. (died in infancy, 1812)
The young family lived in what was then Hardin County, Kentucky (now LaRue). After 1811, on the Knob Creek Farm. Neighbors reported[22] that Nancy Hanks Lincoln was "superior" to her husband, a strong personality who taught young Abraham his letters as well as the extraordinary sweetness and forbearance he was known for all his life.[23] In 1816, the year that Indiana became the 19th state, the Lincoln family moved to Spencer County in southern Indiana and proceeded to homestead at Little Pigeon Creek Settlement (now Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial). Elizabeth and Thomas Sparrow and Dennis Hanks settled at Little Pigeon Creek the following fall, having lived in a shelter the Lincolns had lived in until they built their cabin. While Abraham was ten years younger than his second cousin Dennis, the boys were good friends.[24][25]
Description
William Herndon, author of Life of Lincoln, described Nancy Hanks Lincoln:
She was above the ordinary height in stature, weighed about 130 pounds, was slenderly built, and had much the appearance of one inclined to consumption. Her skin was dark; hair dark brown; eyes gray and small; forehead prominent; face sharp and angular, with a marked expression for melancholy which fixed itself in the memory of all who ever saw or knew her. Though her life was clouded by a spirit of sadness, she was in disposition amiable and generally cheerful.[26][nb 1]
Nancy was also described as "a bold, reckless, daredevil kind of woman, stepping on to the very verge of propriety."[27]
Lincoln gained from his mother his appearance[27] and manner. She was "mild, tender, and intellectually inclined."[28]
Death
While living at Little Pigeon Creek Settlement, Nancy Hanks Lincoln died on October 5, 1818, age 34. Her 9-year-old son Abraham assisted his father in the making of her coffin by whittling the wooden pegs that held the planks together. 11-year-old Sarah cared for Abraham until their father remarried the next year.[29][30]
There are two views as to the cause of Nancy Hanks Lincoln's death. One view is that she died of "milk sickness." Several people died that Fall from the illness, including Elizabeth and Thomas Sparrow, who raised her and then lived with on the Lincoln's property at the Little Pigeon Creek settlement. The Sparrows died in September, weeks before Nancy's death, and Dennis moved in with the Lincolns.[30][31][32][nb 2] It was caused by settlers drinking the milk or eating the meat of cows that had eaten the white snakeroot. The plant contains the potent toxin temetrol, which is passed through the milk.[34] The migrants from the East were unfamiliar with the Midwestern plant and its effects. In the nineteenth century before people understood the cause of the illness, thousands in the Midwest died of milk sickness.[35]
The second view is that Nancy died of consumption. In 1870 Lincoln's law partner and biographer, William Herndon, wrote to fellow Lincoln biographer Ward Lamon saying that "Mrs. Lincoln died as said by some with the milk sickness, some with a galloping quick consumption", [36] i.e. a wasting disease[37] or tuberculosis. This, with the recent demonstration that Nancy had a marfanoid body habitus and the same unusual facial features as her son,[38] would suggest that she died of cancer (which is a wasting disease) related to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B), and that she passed the gene for this syndrome to her son (see Medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln).[38]
Nancy's grave is located in what has been named the Pioneer Cemetery,[39] also known as the Nancy Hanks Lincoln Cemetery.[40] Her headstone was purchased by P.E. Studebaker, an industrialist from South Bend, in 1878.[41] At least twenty unmarked and eight marked graves are at the site; Nancy Lincoln is buried next to Nancy Rusher Brooner, a neighbor who died a week earlier than she from milk sickness. Henry Brooner, Nancy Brooner's son and best childhood friend of Abraham Lincoln later recalled, "I remember very distinctly that when Mrs. Lincoln's grave was filled, my father, Peter Brooner, extended his hand to Thomas Lincoln and said, 'We are brothers now', meaning that they were brothers in the same kind of sorrow. The bodies of my mother and Mrs. Lincoln were conveyed to their graves on sleds."[40][42] Her aunt and uncle, also her childhood caregivers, Elizabeth (Hanks) and Thomas Sparrow are buried nearby.[40] The cemetery is located on the grounds of the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial, a National Historic Landmark District managed by the National Park Service in present-day Lincoln City, Indiana.[41]
Honors
- In 1941, Katherine K. Davis, who co-wrote the lyrics to "The Little Drummer Boy", wrote the music for the ballad "Nancy Hanks" as a tribute to Lincoln's mother.[43] The song uses as its lyrics the Rosemary Benét poem "Nancy Hanks" (originally published in Stephen Vincent Benét's A Book of Americans):[44]
- If Nancy Hanks
- Came back as a ghost
- Seeking news
- Of what she loved most... etc.[45]
- North Spencer School Corporation opened Nancy Hanks Elementary School circa 1990.[46] North Spencer School Corporation is based in Spencer County, Indiana—the site of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood home.
- In November 2008, the Mineral County Historical Society and the Mineral County Historic Landmarks Commission officially recognized the researched site of the birthplace of Nancy Hanks in Mineral County, West Virginia, which was first identified in 1929. They had a memorial placed at the site.[47]
- On February 12, 2009, on the bicentennial of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, the West Virginia House of Delegates passed a resolution recognizing Nancy Hanks Lincoln for her contributions and her birth site in Mineral County, West Virginia.[47]
Notable relatives
- Nancy Hanks is third cousin four times removed of actor, producer, writer, and director Tom Hanks.[48]
- George Clooney and Rosemary Clooney are related to Nancy Hanks through Lucy Hanks Sparrow and Henry Sparrow's daughter, Mary Ann Sparrow, a half-sister to Nancy Hanks. Mary Ann Sparrow was George's 4th great-grandmother.[49][50]
- Camille Cosby, wife of Bill Cosby was born Camille Olivia Hanks, a distant cousin of Nancy Hanks.
Portrayals
The Nancy Hanks – Thomas Lincoln wedding was portrayed in a play called "Dearly Beloved: The Vows of a Lincoln Legacy" to kick-off a three-year bicentennial celebration of Abraham Lincoln's life. The play was held at the Lincoln Homestead State Park in Springfield, Kentucky.[51][52]
See also
Notes
- ↑ William Herndon's accounts of Nancy Hanks Lincoln are based upon interviews with Dennis Hanks, who lived near and with the Lincolns in his childhood, John Hanks and Sara Bush Johnson Lincoln.[26]
- ↑ Dennis married one of Abraham's stepmother's daughters named Sara Elizabeth in 1821.[33]
References
- ↑ West Virginia Archives and History - Nancy Hanks Lincoln
- ↑ West Virginia GenWeb, Nancy Hanks Lincoln Birthplace in Antioch
- ↑ David Herbert Donald (1995). Lincoln. New York: Touchstone. pp. 20, 23.
- ↑ Michael Burkhimer (2003). 100 Essential Lincoln Books. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 52, 54–55, 63–64. ISBN 158182369X.
- 1 2 3 Ralph Gary (2001). Following in Lincoln's Footsteps. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 207–209.
- 1 2 3 Doug Wead (2005). The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. Simon and Schuster. p. 110. ISBN 1416513078.
- ↑ Clara McCormack Sage; Laura Elizabeth Sage Jones (1939). Early Records, Hampshire County, Virginia: Now West Virginia, Including at the Start Most of Known Va. Aside from Augusta District. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 23. ISBN 0806303050.
- ↑ William H. Herndon (2008). Herndon's Life of Lincoln. Wildside Press. p. 10. ISBN 1434476529.
- ↑ Henry Ford (book), W. J. Cameron (editor), William E. Barton (article) (2003). Nancy Hanks, the Mother of Lincoln. Dearborn Independent Magazine January 1927-October 1927. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 15–19. ISBN 0766159914.
- 1 2 3 4 Carl Sandburg (2007). Edward C. Goodman, ed. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 12–14. ISBN 1402742886.
- 1 2 William Eleazar Barton (2005) [1920]. The Soul of Abraham Lincoln. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. ISBN 025207291X.
- 1 2 Carl Sandburg (1975) [1928]. Abe Lincoln Grows Up. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 25. ISBN 0156026155.
- 1 2 3 Jesse W. Weik (1922). The Real Lincoln; a portrait. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 43.
- 1 2 Lowell H. Harrison (2010). Lincoln of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. pp. PT23. ISBN 0813139376.
- 1 2 Appendix: Brief Outline of the Joseph Hanks Family, Book published by the University of Illinois. Northern Illinois University Libraries.
- ↑ Don Davenport (2002). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Trails Books Guide. Big Earth Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 193159905X.
- ↑ Doug Wead (2005). The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. Simon and Schuster. p. 111. ISBN 1416513078.
- 1 2 Raymond Warren (2004). The Prairie President: Living Through The Years With Lincoln 1809 To 1861 (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1417913347.
- ↑ Louis Austin Warren (1933 (reprint from Indiana Magazine of History, September 1933)). The Shipley ancestry of Lincoln's mother. Lincolniana Publishers. pp. 204–205. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ DuPont-Ewing, Annette C. (2007). Washington County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 0-7385-5299-2.
- ↑ "Lincoln Homestead State Historic Site Historic Pocket Brochure" (PDF). Kentucky State Parks. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
- ↑ Doris Kearns Goodwin (2006). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 47.
- ↑ David Hackett Fischer (1991). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford University Press paperback. p. 491.
- ↑ Don Davenport (2002). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Trails Books Guide. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 29, 32. ISBN 193159905X.
- ↑ "Indiana History – Indiana, the Nineteenth State". Center for History. 1816. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- 1 2 William Eleazar Barton (1920). The Paternity of Abraham Lincoln: Was He the Son of Thomas Lincoln? An Essay on the Chastity of Nancy Hanks. New York: George H. Doran Company. pp. 273–274, 275.
- 1 2 Thomas Keneally (2003). Abraham Lincoln. New York: Penguin Group. p. 1. ISBN 0-670-03175-5.
- ↑ Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr.; Philip B. Kunhardt, III; Peter W. Kunhardt (1992). Lincoln. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 34. ISBN 0-679-40862-2.
- ↑ Carl Sandburg (2007). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years. p. 22. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- 1 2 Don Davenport (2002). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Trails Books Guide. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 32–33. ISBN 193159905X.
- ↑ Carl Sandburg (2007). Edward C. Goodman, ed. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 22. ISBN 1402742886.
- ↑ Organization of American Historians (2009). Sean Wilentz; Organization of American Historians, eds. The Best American History Essays on Lincoln Best American History Essays. Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 0230609147.
- ↑ Don Davenport (2002). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Trails Books Guide. Big Earth Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 193159905X.
- ↑ "Abraham Lincoln Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ↑ Walter J. Daly (March 2006). "'The Slows', The Torment of Milk Sickness on the Midwest Frontier". Indiana Magazine of History. 102 (1). JSTOR 27792690.
- ↑ Herndon, William (1940 {quoted letter to Ward Lamon written in 1870}). Emanuel Hertz, ed. The Hidden Lincoln. New York, New York: Blue Ribbon Books. p. 74. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ John G. Sotos (2008). The Physical Lincoln Sourcebook. Mount Vernon, VA: Mt. Vernon Book Systems. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-9818193-3-4.
- 1 2 John G. Sotos (2012). "Abraham Lincoln's marfanoid mother: the earliest known case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B?". Clinical Dysmorphology. 21 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1097/MCD.0b013e328353ae0c. PMID 22504423.
- ↑ "Pioneer Cemetery, Nancy Hanks gravestone, photo 3 of 8". Graveyards of Illinois. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
- 1 2 3 "Nancy Hanks Lincoln Cemetery". National Park Service. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- 1 2 Don Davenport (2002). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Trails Books Guide. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN 193159905X.
- ↑ Richard Lawrence Miller. Lincoln and His World. p. 41.
- ↑ Catalog of copyright entries: Musical compositions, Part 3. Library of Congress, Copyright office. 1941. p. 959. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ↑ "A Book of Americans". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ↑ Gallagher, Tag (1986). John Ford: The Man and His Films. University of California Press. p. 163.
- ↑ "Welcome to Nancy Hanks Elementary School". Nspencer.k12.in.us. 2005-09-01. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
- 1 2 "House Resolution No". West Virginia Legislature.
- ↑ "Tom Hanks related to President Abraham Lincoln". ANI. September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
- ↑ "Names Friday 110212." Bangor Daily News (Bangor, ME). McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. 2012. HighBeam Research. 31 Mar. 2013.
- ↑ "George Clooney and Abraham Lincoln are related". The Sun. November 1, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ↑ "LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION ENDORSES JUNE 3 LINCOLN-HANKS WEDDING EVENT." US Fed News Service, Including US State News. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. 2006. HighBeam Research. 29 Mar. 2013.
- ↑ "LINCOLN-HANKS WEDDING PART OF WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORY." US Fed News Service, Including US State News. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. 2006. HighBeam Research. 29 Mar. 2013
